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Walter Gropius associated standardisation with promoting
civilisation in 1935, yet Andrew Carnegie's influence on the
proliferation of pattern book public library plans internationally
predated these observations by 50 years. Through the first twenty
years of his programme, he supported the erection of almost three
thousand public buildings across Britain and America. Though better
acknowledged in the US than the UK, this philanthropic contribution
radically extended the scope of public provision and remains
incomparable in its scale and scope in both nations. Frequently
engraved with the self-deifying slogan Let there be Light , open
access to navigate these new interior public spaces after work
coincided with the first provision of electric light. Towards the
end of the nineteenth century, professional groups had sought to
specify minimum standards of natural light and air for schools and
hospitals. However, the commercial quantification of electricity
accelerated the development of a readily comparable vocabulary to
prescribe adequate quantities of light for all tasks regardless of
their location or orientation. Seeking to gauge the extent of
universal values, this book concentrates on the design and
performance of a handful of early Carnegie library buildings in
Britain and America, identifying their response to contemporary
design theory, but also by contrast to their respective local
environmental contexts. It examines whether their standards of
provision were equitable and if these privately financed public
buildings were the first roots of generically standardised public
environments to be shared transatlantically. The book also argues
that the public library building type can provide a datum for
acknowledging the twentieth century legacy of shared international
environmental standards for public spaces more broadly.
Walter Gropius associated standardisation with promoting
civilisation in 1935, yet Andrew Carnegie's influence on the
proliferation of pattern book public library plans internationally
predated these observations by 50 years. Through the first twenty
years of his programme, he supported the erection of almost three
thousand public buildings across Britain and America. Though better
acknowledged in the US than the UK, this philanthropic contribution
radically extended the scope of public provision and remains
incomparable in its scale and scope in both nations. Frequently
engraved with the self-deifying slogan Let there be Light , open
access to navigate these new interior public spaces after work
coincided with the first provision of electric light. Towards the
end of the nineteenth century, professional groups had sought to
specify minimum standards of natural light and air for schools and
hospitals. However, the commercial quantification of electricity
accelerated the development of a readily comparable vocabulary to
prescribe adequate quantities of light for all tasks regardless of
their location or orientation. Seeking to gauge the extent of
universal values, this book concentrates on the design and
performance of a handful of early Carnegie library buildings in
Britain and America, identifying their response to contemporary
design theory, but also by contrast to their respective local
environmental contexts. It examines whether their standards of
provision were equitable and if these privately financed public
buildings were the first roots of generically standardised public
environments to be shared transatlantically. The book also argues
that the public library building type can provide a datum for
acknowledging the twentieth century legacy of shared international
environmental standards for public spaces more broadly.
Principles of conservation and sustainability are easily married
but often at odds for architects under increasing pressure to
navigate the energy needs of older buildings. By incorporating UK
and international case studies together with more theoretical
essays the book seeks to identify overlaps in the interests of
energy and building conservation. The varied expertise of the
contributors; architects, surveyors, consultants and academics,
demonstrate the use of qualitative and quantitative frames of
reference. The second part of the book showcases sustainable
domestic and non-domestic heritage projects, translating the
challenges of the preceding research into varied methods that
practitioners can use to question and review their everyday work.
The book will be appeal to all architects, building professionals
and designers working with traditional buildings and will enhance
readers' ambitions, so that they feel equipped and inspired to work
with old buildings sensitively, creatively and sustainably.
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