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Polyploidy - whole-genome duplication (WGD) - is a fundamental
driver of biodiversity with significant consequences for genome
structure, organization, and evolution. Once considered a
speciation process common only in plants, polyploidy is now
recognized to have played a major role in the structure, gene
content, and evolution of most eukaryotic genomes. In fact, the
diversity of eukaryotes seems closely tied to multiple WGDs.
Polyploidy generates new genomic interactions - initially resulting
in "genomic and transcriptomic shock" - that must be resolved in a
new polyploid lineage. This process essentially acts as a "reset"
button, resulting in genomic changes that may ultimately promote
adaptive speciation. This book brings together for the first time
the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of polyploid genome
evolution with syntheses of the patterns and processes of genome
evolution in diverse polyploid groups. Because polyploidy is most
common and best studied in plants, the book emphasizes plant
models, but recent studies of vertebrates and fungi are providing
fresh perspectives on factors that allow polyploid speciation and
shape polyploid genomes. The emerging paradigm is that polyploidy -
through alterations in genome structure and gene regulation -
generates genetic and phenotypic novelty that manifests itself at
the chromosomal, physiological, and organismal levels, with
long-term ecological and evolutionary consequences.
Polyploidy - whole-genome duplication (WGD) - is a fundamental
driver of biodiversity with significant consequences for genome
structure, organization, and evolution. Once considered a
speciation process common only in plants, polyploidy is now
recognized to have played a major role in the structure, gene
content, and evolution of most eukaryotic genomes. In fact, the
diversity of eukaryotes seems closely tied to multiple WGDs.
Polyploidy generates new genomic interactions - initially resulting
in "genomic and transcriptomic shock" - that must be resolved in a
new polyploid lineage. This process essentially acts as a "reset"
button, resulting in genomic changes that may ultimately promote
adaptive speciation. This book brings together for the first time
the conceptual and theoretical underpinnings of polyploid genome
evolution with syntheses of the patterns and processes of genome
evolution in diverse polyploid groups. Because polyploidy is most
common and best studied in plants, the book emphasizes plant
models, but recent studies of vertebrates and fungi are providing
fresh perspectives on factors that allow polyploid speciation and
shape polyploid genomes. The emerging paradigm is that polyploidy -
through alterations in genome structure and gene regulation -
generates genetic and phenotypic novelty that manifests itself at
the chromosomal, physiological, and organismal levels, with
long-term ecological and evolutionary consequences.
In the five years since the publication of Molecular Systematics of
Plants, the field of molecular systematics has advanced at an
astonishing pace. This period has been marked by a volume of new
empirical data and advances in theoretical and analytical issues
related to DNA. Comparative DNA sequencing, facilitated by the
amplification of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), has
become the tool of choice for molecular systematics. As a result,
large portions of the Molecular Systematics of Plants have become
outdated. Molecular Systematics of Plants II summarizes these
recent achievements in plant molecular systematics. Like its
predecessor, this completely revised work illustrates the potential
of DNA markers for addressing a wide variety of phylogenetic and
evolutionary questions. The volume provides guidance in choosing
appropriate techniques, as well as appropriate genes for
sequencing, for given levels of systematic inquiry. More than a
review of techniques and previous work, Molecular Systematics of
Plants II provides a stimulus for developing future research in
this rapidly evolving field. Molecular Systematics of Plants II is
not only written for systematists (faculty, graduate students, and
researchers), but also for evolutionary biologists, botanists, and
paleobotanists interested in reviewing current theory and practice
in plant molecular systematics.
The application of molecular techniques is rapidly transforming the
study of plant systematics. The precision they offer enables
researchers to classify plants that have not been subject to
rigorous classification before and thus allows them to obtain a
clearer picture of evolutionary relationships. Plant Molecular
Systematics is arranged both conceptually and phylogenetically to
accommodate the interests not only of general systematists, but
also those of people interested in a particular plant family. The
first part discusses molecular sequencing; the second reviews
restriction site analysis and the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA.
A third section details the analysis of ribosomal DNA and
chloroplast DNA. The following section introduces model studies
involving well-studied families such as the Onagraceae, Compositae
and Leguminosae. The book concludes with a section addressing
theoretical topics such as data analysis and the question of
morphological vs. molecular data.
Although they are relative latecomers on the evolutionary scene,
having emerged only 135-170 million years ago, angiosperms or
flowering plants are the most diverse and species-rich group of
seed-producing land plants, comprising more than 13,000 genera and
over 300,000 species. Not only are they a model group for studying
the patterns and processes of evolutionary diversification, outside
the laboratory they also play major roles in our economy, diet, and
our courtship rituals, producing our fruits, legumes, and grains,
not to mention the flowers in our Valentine's bouquets. They are
also crucial ecologically, dominating most terrestrial and some
aquatic landscapes. This fully revised edition of Phylogeny and
Evolution of the Angiosperms provides an up-to-date, comprehensive
overview of the evolution of and relationships among these vital
plants, as well as of our attempts to reconstruct these
relationships. Incorporating molecular phylogenetics with
morphological, chemical, developmental, and paleobotanical data, as
well as a more detailed account of early angiosperm fossils and
important fossil information for each evolutionary branch of the
angiosperms, the new edition integrates fossil evidence into a
robust phylogenetic framework. Also including a wealth of new color
images, this highly synthetic work further reevaluates long-held
evolutionary hypotheses related to flowering plants and will be an
essential reference for botanists, plant systematists, and
evolutionary biologists alike.
Current major interests in this area include the study of higher
level phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in the
angiosperms, floral evolution, the genetic basis of key floral
differences in basal angiosperms, the genetic and genomic
consequences of polyploid speciation, conservation genetics of rare
plant species, and phylogeography. This book provides a series of
papers focused on the developmental genetics of flowering as well
as the genetic control of the timing of flowering. Investigation of
speciational mechanisms, evolutionary relationships, and character
evolution in flowering plants and land plants utilizing a variety
of experimental approaches are discussed. The chapters are
excellent reviews of the current fast-moving area of research.
* Provides a brief review of genes known to regulate flower
development
* Articles emphasize the classic ABC model of flower development
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