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This book describes the technology of charge-trapping non-volatile
memories and their uses. The authors explain the device physics of
each device architecture and provide a concrete description of the
materials involved and the fundamental properties of the
technology. Modern material properties, used as charge-trapping
layers, for new applications are introduced. Provides a
comprehensive overview of the technology for charge-trapping
non-volatile memories; Details new architectures and current
modeling concepts for non-volatile memory devices; Focuses on
conduction through multi-layer gate dielectrics stacks.
This book describes the technology of charge-trapping non-volatile
memories and their uses. The authors explain the device physics of
each device architecture and provide a concrete description of the
materials involved and the fundamental properties of the
technology. Modern material properties, used as charge-trapping
layers, for new applications are introduced. Provides a
comprehensive overview of the technology for charge-trapping
non-volatile memories; Details new architectures and current
modeling concepts for non-volatile memory devices; Focuses on
conduction through multi-layer gate dielectrics stacks.
Metal Oxides for Non-volatile Memory: Materials, Technology and
Applications covers the technology and applications of metal oxides
(MOx) in non-volatile memory (NVM) technology. The book addresses
all types of NVMs, including floating-gate memories, 3-D memories,
charge-trapping memories, quantum-dot memories, resistance
switching memories and memristors, Mott memories and transparent
memories. Applications of MOx in DRAM technology where they play a
crucial role to the DRAM evolution are also addressed. The book
offers a broad scope, encompassing discussions of materials
properties, deposition methods, design and fabrication, and circuit
and system level applications of metal oxides to non-volatile
memory. Finally, the book addresses one of the most promising
materials that may lead to a solution to the challenges in chip
size and capacity for memory technologies, particular for mobile
applications and embedded systems.
The Cold War was a period of intense geopolitical rivalry, in which
diplomacy and international relations in Asia and the Middle East
acquired huge global significance. In this study, Panagiotis
Dimitrakis explores British policy towards SEATO (South East Asia
Treaty Organisation) and CENTO (Central Treaty Organisation).
Designed in the 1950s to counter the Soviet Union's attempts to
expand its global influence, these alliances with Asian and Middle
Eastern powers were the focus of Western efforts to maintain their
regional presence, yet they failed to bring together the differing
aims and ambitions of their regional members and were dissolved in
1977 and 1979 respectively. This study, based on recently
declassified archival documents, examines the Cold War policies of
the United States, Iran and Turkey as well as Pakistan's relations
with India and the effects of British diplomacy on the war in
Vietnam. Charting the repeated failures of Britain and the United
States to come to the defence of their allies in Asia and the
Middle East, Failed Alliances of the Cold War will be a crucial
point of reference for scholars of the Cold War.
Vienna, located at the heart of Europe was the city of choice for
American, British, German and Russian spymasters in their merciless
trade, to plot against one another and steal secrets. For the first
time a book is dedicated to the secret stories of spymasters, their
tradecraft and secret sources from the end of the World War I, the
Interwar with the rise of Nazis to the Second World War and the
Cold War. The rich of culture and music Vienna hid a labyrinth of
spies and dissidents in the interwar period, and a powerful Gestapo
presence during the war meant that the Office of Strategic Services
and British intelligence could not deploy operatives in Austria in
general. In post war, a few young American and British intelligence
officers pitted their wits against hundreds of seasoned Russian
operatives of the NKVD and their thousands of informers. and the
secret truth was that both Russian and Allied intelligence services
employed members of the Nazi intelligence services just upon the
defeat of Germany in 1945 and the occupation of Austria.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, in support of a
Marxist-Leninist government, and the subsequent nine-year conflict
with the indigenous Afghan Mujahedeen was one of the bloodiest
conflicts of the Cold War. Key details of the circumstances
surrounding the invasion and its ultimate conclusion only months
before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 have long
remained unclear; it is a confidential narrative of clandestine
correspondence, covert operations and failed intelligence. The
Secret War in Afghanistan undertakes a full analysis of recently
declassified intelligence archives in order to asses Anglo-American
secret intelligence and diplomacy relating to the invasion of
Afghanistan and unveil the Cold War realities behind the rhetoric.
Rooted at every turn in close examination of the primary evidence,
it outlines the secret operations of the CIA, MI6 and the KGB, and
the full extent of the aid and intelligence from the West which
armed and trained the Afghan fighters. Drawing from US, UK and
Russian archives, Panagiotis Dimitrakis analyses the Chinese arms
deals with the CIA, the multiple recorded intelligence failures of
KGB intelligence and secret letters from the office of Margaret
Thatcher to Jimmy Carter. In so doing, this study brings a new
scholarly perspective to some of the most controversial events of
Cold War history. Dimitrakis also outlines the full extent of
China's involvement in arming the Mujahedeen, which led to the PRC
effectively fighting the Soviet Union by proxy. This will be
essential reading for scholars and students of the Cold War,
American History and the Modern Middle East.
The Vietnam War lasted twenty years, and was the USA's greatest
military failure. An attempt to stem the spread of Soviet and
Chinese influence, the conflict in practice created a chaotic state
torn apart by espionage, terrorism and guerilla warfare. American
troops quickly became embroiled in jungle warfare and knowledge of
the other side's troop movements, communication lines, fighting
techniques and strategy became crucial. Panagiotis Dimitrakis
uncovers this battle for intelligence and tells the story of the
Vietnam War through the newly available British, American and
French sources - including declassified material. In doing so he
dissects the limitations of the CIA, the NSA, the MI6 and the
French intelligence- the SDECE- in gathering actionable
intelligence. Dimitrakis also shows how the Vietminh under Ho Chi
Minh established their own secret services; how their high grade
moles infiltrated the US and French military echelons and the
government of South Vietnam, and how Hanoi's intelligence apparatus
eventually suffered seriously from 'spies amongst us' paranoia. In
doing so he enhances our understanding of the war that came to
define its era.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, in support of a
Marxist-Leninist government, and the subsequent nine-year conflict
with the indigenous Afghan Mujahedeen was one of the bloodiest
conflicts of the Cold War. Key details of the circumstances
surrounding the invasion and its ultimate conclusion only months
before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 have long
remained unclear; it is a confidential narrative of clandestine
correspondence, covert operations and failed intelligence. The
Secret War in Afghanistan undertakes a full analysis of recently
declassified intelligence archives in order to asses Anglo-American
secret intelligence and diplomacy relating to the invasion of
Afghanistan and unveil the Cold War realities behind the rhetoric.
Rooted at every turn in close examination of the primary evidence,
it outlines the secret operations of the CIA, MI6 and the KGB, and
the full extent of the aid and intelligence from the West which
armed and trained the Afghan fighters. Drawing from US, UK and
Russian archives, Panagiotis Dimitrakis analyses the Chinese arms
deals with the CIA, the multiple recorded intelligence failures of
KGB intelligence and secret letters from the office of Margaret
Thatcher to Jimmy Carter. In so doing, this study brings a new
scholarly perspective to some of the most controversial events of
Cold War history. Dimitrakis also outlines the full extent of
China's involvement in arming the Mujahedeen, which led to the PRC
effectively fighting the Soviet Union by proxy. This will be
essential reading for scholars and students of the Cold War,
American History and the Modern Middle East.
The transition to a truly muscular democracy affected the royal
families of both Greece and Great Britain throughout the tumultuous
twentieth century. Panagiotis Dimitrakis unearths the details of
British policy towards the kings of Greece, the special connection
between the Windsors and the Glucksburgs during the Second World
War, the Cold War and the Cyprus revolt, and finally the coming of
the junta in Greece in 1967. He sheds light on notable members of
Greek royal family and the controversies and secret diplomacy they
were implicated in. This engaging and comprehensive history of
Anglo-Greek relations provides an overview of Greek history with a
unique focus on international relations. Drawing on Foreign Office
and declassified American diplomatic and intelligence files as well
as Greek archives and recently published diaries, "Greece and the
English" will appeal to all those interested in Greek history,
British history as well as the fate of monarchies in the modern
world.
In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek - the head of China's military academy and
leader of the Kuomintang (KMT) - began the `northern expeditions'
to bring China's northern territories back under the control of the
state. It was during this period that the KMT purged communist
activities, fractured the army and sparked the Chinese Civil War -
which would rage for over twenty years. The communists, led by
General Mao Tse-Tsung, were for much of the period forced
underground and concentrated in the Chinese countryside. As the
author argues, this resulted in China's war featuring unusually
high levels of espionage and sabotage, and increased the military
importance of information gathering. Based on newly declassified
material, Panagiotis Dimitrakis charts the double-crossings, secret
meetings and bloody assassinations which would come to define
China's future. Uniquely, The Secret War for China gives equal
weighting to the role of foreign actors: the role of British
intelligence in unmasking Communist International (Comintern)
agents in China, for example, and the allies' attempts to turn
nationalist China against the Japanese. The Secret War for China
also documents the clandestine confrontation between Mao and Chiang
and the secret negotiations between Chiang and the Axis Powers,
whose forces he employed against the CCP once the Second World War
was over. In his turn, Mao employed nationalist forces who had
defected - during the last three years of the civil war about 105
out of 869 KMT generals defected to the CCP. This book is an urgent
and necessary guide to the intricacies of the Chinese Civil War, a
war which decisively shaped the modern Asian world.
The Vietnam War lasted twenty years, and was the USA's greatest
military failure. An attempt to stem the spread of Soviet and
Chinese influence, the conflict in practice created a chaotic state
torn apart by espionage, terrorism and guerilla warfare. American
troops quickly became embroiled in jungle warfare and knowledge of
the other side's troop movements, communication lines, fighting
techniques and strategy became crucial. Panagiotis Dimitrakis
uncovers this battle for intelligence and tells the story of the
Vietnam War through the newly available British, American and
French sources - including declassified material. In doing so he
dissects the limitations of the CIA, the NSA, the MI6 and the
French intelligence- the SDECE- in gathering actionable
intelligence. Dimitrakis also shows how the Vietminh under Ho Chi
Minh established their own secret services; how their high grade
moles infiltrated the US and French military echelons and the
government of South Vietnam, and how Hanoi's intelligence apparatus
eventually suffered seriously from 'spies amongst us' paranoia. In
doing so he enhances our understanding of the war that came to
define its era.
The MRS Symposium Proceeding series is an internationally
recognised reference suitable for researchers and practitioners.
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, in support of a
Marxist-Leninist government, and the subsequent nine-year conflict
with the indigenous Afghan Mujahedeen was one of the bloodiest
conflicts of the Cold War. Key details of the circumstances
surrounding the invasion and its ultimate conclusion only months
before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 have long
remained unclear; it is a confidential narrative of clandestine
correspondence, covert operations and failed intelligence. The
Secret War in Afghanistan undertakes a full analysis of recently
declassified intelligence archives in order to asses Anglo-American
secret intelligence and diplomacy relating to the invasion of
Afghanistan and unveil the Cold War realities behind the rhetoric.
Rooted at every turn in close examination of the primary evidence,
it outlines the secret operations of the CIA, MI6 and the KGB, and
the full extent of the aid and intelligence from the West which
armed and trained the Afghan fighters. Drawing from US, UK and
Russian archives, Panagiotis Dimitrakis analyses the Chinese arms
deals with the CIA, the multiple recorded intelligence failures of
KGB intelligence and secret letters from the office of Margaret
Thatcher to Jimmy Carter. In so doing, this study brings a new
scholarly perspective to some of the most controversial events of
Cold War history. Dimitrakis also outlines the full extent of
China's involvement in arming the Mujahedeen, which led to the PRC
effectively fighting the Soviet Union by proxy. This will be
essential reading for scholars and students of the Cold War,
American History and the Modern Middle East.
The MRS Symposium Proceeding series is an internationally
recognised reference suitable for researchers and practitioners.
Though officially neutral until March 1945, Buenos Aires played a
key role during World War II as a base for the South American
intelligence operations of the major powers. The Hidden War in
Argentina reveals the stories of the spymasters, British, Americans
and Germans who plotted against each other throughout the Second
World War in Argentina. In Buenos Aires, Johannes Siegfried Becker
- codename 'Sargo' - was the man responsible for organizing most of
the Nazi intelligence gathering in Latin America and the leader of
'Operation Bolivar', which sought to bring South America into the
war on the side of the Axis powers. After the attack on Pearl
Harbor the US state department pressured every South American
country to join it in declaring war on Germany, and J Edgar Hoover
authorized huge investments in South American intelligence
operations. Argentina continued to refuse to join the conflict,
triggering a US embargo that squeezed the country's economy to
breaking point. Buenos Aires continued to be a hub for espionage
even as the war in Europe was ending - hundreds of high-ranking
Nazi exiles sought refuge there. This book is based on newly
declassified files and details of the operations of MI6, the
Abwehr, the Sicherheitsdienst (SD) and the FBI, as well as the OSS
and the SOE. Most significantly, The Hidden War in Argentina
reveals for the first time the coups of Britain's MI6 in South
America.
Since World War I, Cyprus has played a crucial role in British
defence strategy. Panagiotis Dimitrakis here introduces new
research which reveals the true role of British intelligence on the
island throughout the twentieth century, particularly during World
War II, the 1955-59 Archbishop Makarios and EOKA-led revolt and the
1974 Turkish invasion. He sheds fresh light on the stance of both
Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Foreign Secretary James Callaghan
towards Greece and Turkey in the turbulent 1970s, and provides
important new perspectives on the 1978 Egyptian hostage crisis at
Larnaca Airport and the research is based throughout on primary
sources including previously unpublished declassified papers from
British diplomats and intelligence officers. This is a valuable
study for scholars of contemporary strategy and military history
and for those interested in military intelligence and the history
of Cyprus.
The Cold War was a period of intense geopolitical rivalry, in which
diplomacy and international relations in Asia and the Middle East
acquired huge global significance. In this study, Panagiotis
Dimitrakis explores British policy towards SEATO (South East Asia
Treaty Organization) and CENTO (Central Treaty Organization).
Designed in the 1950s to counter the Soviet Union's attempts to
expand its global influence, these alliances with Asian and Middle
Eastern powers were the focus of Western efforts to maintain their
regional presence. Yet they failed to bring together the differing
aims and ambitions of their regional members, and were dissolved in
1977 and 1979 respectively. This study, based on recently
declassified documents, examines the Cold War policies of the
United States, Iran, and Turkey as well as Pakistan's relations
with India and the effects of British diplomacy on the war in
Vietnam. Charting the repeated failures of Britain and the United
States to come to the defence of their allies in Asia and the
Middle East, "Failed Alliances of the Cold War" will be a crucial
point of reference for scholars of the Cold War.
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