This study explores the influence of norms governing state behavior in outer space. While the US currently enjoys a preponderance of presence in outer space, and is thus the most influential state within the space medium, this lead has been eroding as more states actively participate in space. At a time of soaring national debt and shrinking military budgets, this thesis looks at ways the US can maintain its lead and protect its investment in space. While kinetic weaponization of space offers one option for protecting US space assets, state fears of space debris associated with such weapons precludes extensive testing as well as application above low Earth orbit. This paper concludes that the US should use its influence in space to foster a debris reduction (vice mitigation) norm in space by developing and deploying a satellite recycling system. This thesis traces norm development and evolution both within the Law of the Sea, as well as within the Space Race, to demonstrate how state interaction influences the creation and evolution of norms, and to highlight how competition within cooperatively forged norms is necessary and beneficial to states overall.

You can see them cruising for Indian art in Santa Fe, waiting for Old Faithful at Yellowstone, or pausing for shrimp cocktails on San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf. The American West attracts vacationers of every stripe, who comb its varied landscapes for the ultimate trip. And for better or worse, those who come to see this multifaceted region have changed what they have come to see.

"Seeing and Being Seen" explores the history of tourism in the American West and examines its effects on both the tourists and the places and people they visit. Scholars from the humanities, social sciences, and business-Patricia Nelson Limerick, Hal Rothman, and others-join government and National Park Service professionals to investigate the dilemmas that tourism poses for western communities, from economic and environmental questions to cultural change.

The selections are organized around three broad topics: scholarly perceptions of tourism, tourists, and those toured upon; tourism in its historical context, including an assessment of its cultural impact on communities and on tourists themselves; and the history and impact of tourism on the West's national parks, with particular emphasis on efforts to maintain the delicate balance between natural preservation and public enjoyment.

These essays cover the span of tourism history, from early-twentieth-century "See America First" campaigns to the problematic place of automobiles in national parks today. They also pay special attention to policy choices that the growth of tourism sometimes forces on communities, as towns try to bounce back from failed economies by capitalizing on an "Old West" image--or even, in the case of Kellogg, Idaho, "Old Bavarian."

In response, the authors offer suggestions by which communities can begin to make rational choices about the role and place of tourism in their lives. "Seeing and Being Seen" is enlightening--and necessary--reading for scholars, policy makers, residents of the West, and even tourists themselves.