'Aristocracies', 'Old Regime colonial elites' - from Adam Smith to Karl Marx and beyond, scholars have discussed their role in the rise of the modern world, in economic development and capitalism. Generally speaking and with the exception of the English landlords, the verdict has been always negative. Furthermore, historians have usually viewed the Ancien regime aristocracies and colonial elites as social groups with entirely irrational or completely apathetic attitudes towards the management of their estates. This book constitutes the first attempt to analyse the question in a more critical and historical way. It takes a directly comparative approach, covering countries from Peru to Russia and from Naples to England in the early modern period and up to the end of the 18th century. The rationale of how these elites administered their patrimonies, its political, social and sometime moral dimensions, and the real effects of all this on economic development are considered here as key aspects for a better understanding of economic life. The result is a quite different picture in which economic history is also seen as the outcome of human actions in their own social and political context.

Readers will find in the pages of this book a treatment of the statistical analysis of clustered survival data. Such data are encountered in many scientific disciplines including human and veterinary medicine, biology, epidemiology, public health and demography. A typical example is the time to death in cancer patients, with patients clustered in hospitals. Frailty models provide a powerful tool to analyze clustered survival data. In this book different methods based on the frailty model are described and it is demonstrated how they can be used to analyze clustered survival data. All programs used for these examples are available on the Springer website.

Clustered survival data are encountered in many scientific disciplines including human and veterinary medicine, biology, epidemiology, public health, and demography. Frailty models provide a powerful tool to analyze clustered survival data. In contrast to the large number of research publications on frailty models, relatively few statistical software packages contain frailty models. It is difficult for statistical practitioners and graduate students to understand frailty models from the existing literature. This book provides an in-depth discussion and explanation of the basics of frailty model methodology for such readers. accelerated failure time models. Common techniques to fit frailty models include the EM-algorithm, penalized likelihood techniques, Laplacian integration and Bayesian techniques. More advanced frailty models for hierarchical data are also included.Real-life examples are used to demonstrate how particular frailty models can be fitted and how the results should be interpreted. the Springer website with most of the programs developed in the freeware packages R and Winbugs. The book starts with a brief overview of some basic concepts in classical survival analysis, collecting what is needed for the reading on the more complex frailty models.

Die vorliegende Arbeit ist die umgearbeitete Fassung einer Disser- tation, die im Sommersemester 1964 von der Philosophischen Fa- kultiit der Universitat KOln angenommen wurde. In der Dissertation standen die beiden folgenden Problembereiche im Zentrum der Betrachtung: die Funktion des teleologischen Geschichtsdenkens flir die transzendentale Phanomenologie und Husserls Riickgang auf die vorwissenschaftliche Lebenswelt, so wie er sich aus der Epoche von den objektiven Wissenschaften ergibt. Diese Themen sind in die umfassenderen Zusammenhange dieser Untersuchung eingegangen. Ihre Aufgabe ist es, Husserls Spatwerk in seiner Ein- heitlichkeit und Geschlossenheit aus dem Blickpunkt des Riick- ganges von der objektiven Wissenschaft auf die Lebenswelt in einer neuen Perspektive sichtbar werden zu lassen. Sie gibt von dieser Warte aus einen Durchblick durch Husserls Spatphilosophie. Ich mochte an dieser Stelle Herrn Professor Dr. Ludwig Land- grebe flir seine Forderung meiner Bemiihungen urn die Endgestalt des Husserlschen Denkens danken. Gedankt sei auch dem Direktor des Husserl-Archivs zu Lowen, Herrn Professor Dr. Dr. h.c. H. L. Van Breda flir seine Unterstiitzung und die freundliche Erlaubnis, aus unveroffentlichten Manuskripten Husserls zitieren zu diirfen.

The essays in this volume offer a state-of-the-art analysis of a heretofore somewhat neglected part of financial history: the way in which urban governments in Western Europe during the late Middle Ages and early Modern Times handled the public debts their cities were confronted with. The technical aspects of the sale of annuities (renten, rentes) may have already been abundantly studied, but the links with social and political history still needed to be tackled. Who bought these annuities and thus participated in sharing the burden and profits which were likely to arise from them? What were their motives? How did the obvious links with urban elites work? And, perhaps most significantly, how did these occasional sales evolve into a structural way of linking financially important private persons with public finances, in the context both of cities and of growing states, since often the cities needed the money on a short-term basis in order to accomplish their own financial obligations toward 'the state'. Participants in the colloquium where a large number of the essays were first presented represent in the first place the urban strongholds of Europe in the period under scrutiny: the Low Countries and Northern and Central Italy, but the Swiss cities, the cities of Aragon, London and papal Rome are also considered.

The country house, chateau or rural palazzo set in extensive grounds may have been the ultimate badge of social pre-eminence but invariably their owners spent much of the year in the city. To this extent urban living was common to all elites worthy of the name, whatever their origin or source of wealth or power. Needless to say, though, how different elite groups experienced town life varied greatly. Focussing on the most basic aspect of urban living, this collection is concerned with the study of the places and types of residence of urban elites. Recently a number of historians have begun to explore the residential choices made by elites in the urban context, both as an important constituent of lifestyle and as a marker of elite identity and difference. However, whereas these studies have tended to focus on one particular elite group, a single place or one type of urban residence - such as aristocratic hotels - the current volume is original in exploring the patterns and logic of residential choices made by different elite groups in a variety of urban settings, in Britain, France and Italy, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. Each of the book's nine substantive chapters is written in either English or French (with an abstract in the other language) by a leading specialist either on elites or in the field of urban history. The volume arises out of two meetings of the specialists concerned, which gives it a degree of coherence rarely achieved in collections of this sort. A substantial essay by the editors points to similarities and contrasts between the specific cases and identifies key issues requiring further research. English and French text.

'Aristocracies', 'Old Regime colonial elites' - from Adam Smith to Karl Marx and beyond, scholars have discussed their role in the rise of the modern world, in economic development and capitalism. Generally speaking and with the exception of the English landlords, the verdict has been always negative. Furthermore, historians have usually viewed the Ancien regime aristocracies and colonial elites as social groups with entirely irrational or completely apathetic attitudes towards the management of their estates. This book constitutes the first attempt to analyse the question in a more critical and historical way. It takes a directly comparative approach, covering countries from Peru to Russia and from Naples to England in the early modern period and up to the end of the 18th century. The rationale of how these elites administered their patrimonies, its political, social and sometime moral dimensions, and the real effects of all this on economic development are considered here as key aspects for a better understanding of economic life. The result is a quite different picture in which economic history is also seen as the outcome of human actions in their own social and political context.