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Mitochondria have long been the Rodney Dangerfield of cellular
organelles. Believed to be the remnants of bacterial infection of
eukaryotic cells eons ago, the mitochondrion evolved a symbiotic
relationship in which it dutifully served as the efficient source
of A TP for cell function. The extraordinary dependence of cells on
the energy provided by mito chondrial oxidative metabolism of
glucose, especially through critical organs such as the heart and
brain, is underlined by the fatal consequences of toxins that
interfere with the mitochondrial electron transport system.
Consistent with their ancestry, the mitochondria have their own DNA
that encodes many but not all of their proteins. The mitochon dria
and their genes come from the mother via the ovum since sperm do
not possess mitochondria. This extranuclear form of inheritance
derived exclusively from the female side has proven to be a
powerful tool for tracing the evolution by the number of base
substitutions in mtDNA. That mitochondrial gene mutations might be
a source of human dis ease became evident a decade ago with the
characterization of a group of multisystem disorders, typically
involving the nervous system, which are transmitted from mother to
child. Specific point mutations in mtDNA have been associated with
the different syndromes.
Prominent experimentalists critically review the animal models
widely used in developing powerful new therapies for central
nervous system diseases. Coverage includes novel uses of animal
models of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, and
studies of aging. Techniques that rely heavily on behavioral
analyses, as well as models developed from infusions of neurotoxins
and from advances in molecular biology, are thoroughly explicated,
as are models developed for more acute neurological conditions,
including traumatic brain injury and stroke. Comprehensive and
authoritative, Central Nervous System Diseases: Innovative Animal
Models from Lab to Clinic offers neuroscientists, pharmacologists,
and interested clinicians a unique survey of the most productive
animal models of the leading neurological diseases currently
employed to develop today's innovative drug therapies.
As our world continues to evolve, the field of regenerative
medicine f- lows suit. Although many modern day therapies focus on
synthetic and na- ral medicinal treatments for brain repair, many
of these treatments and prescriptions lack adequate results or only
have the ability to slow the p- gression of neurological disease or
injury. Cell therapy, however, remains the most compelling
treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, disorders, and injuries,
including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, traumatic
brain injury, and stroke, which is expanded upon in more detail in
Chapter 1 by Snyder and colleagues. Cell therapy is also unique in
that it is the only therapeutic strategy that strives to replace
lost, damaged, or dysfunctional cells with healthy ones. This
repair and replacement may be due to an administration of exogenous
cells itself or the activation of the body's own endogenous
reparative cells by a trophic, immune, or inflammatory response to
cell transplantation. However, the precise mechanism of how cell
therapy works remains elusive and is c- tinuing to be investigated
in terms of molecular and cellular responses, in particular.
Moreover, Chapter 11 by Emerich and associates, discusses some of
the possibilities of cell immunoisolation and the potential for
treating central nervous system diseases.
Prominent experimentalists critically review the animal models
widely used in developing powerful new therapies for central
nervous system diseases. Coverage includes novel uses of animal
models of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases, and
studies of aging. Techniques that rely heavily on behavioral
analyses, as well as models developed from infusions of neurotoxins
and from advances in molecular biology, are thoroughly explicated,
as are models developed for more acute neurological conditions,
including traumatic brain injury and stroke. Comprehensive and
authoritative, Central Nervous System Diseases: Innovative Animal
Models from Lab to Clinic offers neuroscientists, pharmacologists,
and interested clinicians a unique survey of the most productive
animal models of the leading neurological diseases currently
employed to develop today's innovative drug therapies.
Mitochondria have long been the Rodney Dangerfield of cellular
organelles. Believed to be the remnants of bacterial infection of
eukaryotic cells eons ago, the mitochondrion evolved a symbiotic
relationship in which it dutifully served as the efficient source
of A TP for cell function. The extraordinary dependence of cells on
the energy provided by mito chondrial oxidative metabolism of
glucose, especially through critical organs such as the heart and
brain, is underlined by the fatal consequences of toxins that
interfere with the mitochondrial electron transport system.
Consistent with their ancestry, the mitochondria have their own DNA
that encodes many but not all of their proteins. The mitochon dria
and their genes come from the mother via the ovum since sperm do
not possess mitochondria. This extranuclear form of inheritance
derived exclusively from the female side has proven to be a
powerful tool for tracing the evolution by the number of base
substitutions in mtDNA. That mitochondrial gene mutations might be
a source of human dis ease became evident a decade ago with the
characterization of a group of multisystem disorders, typically
involving the nervous system, which are transmitted from mother to
child. Specific point mutations in mtDNA have been associated with
the different syndromes."
Neurorestoratology is one of the most important disciplines in
modern medicine and is also the most important discipline in
neuroscience. Its core aim is to restore, promote and maintain the
integrity of impaired or lost neuronal functions and/or structures
by using novel cell-based comprehensive neurorestorative
strategies. This book is the first and a unique one that
systematically expounds the main aspects of neurorestoratology,
which includes three sections with 22 chapters in two volumes. It
systematically elaborates CNS neurorestorable theory and
neurorestorative mechanisms. It firstly comprehends the
Neurorestorative Process as a whole and Neurorestorative law. It
fully describes all neurorestorative strategies and their
continuing clinical progresses and achievements, especially the
cell-based comprehensive neurorestorative strategies.
Neurorestoratology is one of the most important disciplines in
modern medicine and is also the most important discipline in
neuroscience. Its core aim is to restore, promote and maintain the
integrity of impaired or lost neuronal functions and/or structures
by using novel cell-based comprehensive neurorestorative
strategies. This book is the first and a unique one that
systematically expounds the main aspects of neurorestoratology,
which includes three sections with 22 chapters in two volumes. It
systematically elaborates CNS neurorestorable theory and
neurorestorative mechanisms. It firstly comprehends the
Neurorestorative Process as a whole and Neurorestorative law. It
fully describes all neurorestorative strategies and their
continuing clinical progresses and achievements, especially the
cell-based comprehensive neurorestorative strategies.
An authoritative survey of the most recent scientific evidence
showing how cyclosporin, FK-506, and their analogs-the
neuroimmunophilins-evolved from being purely immunosuppressant
"drugs" to neuroprotective "agents". The book focuses on recent
preclinical evidence that demonstrates the
neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects of immunosuppressants when
administered alone or when combined with neural transplantation
therapy in animal models of neurological disorders. It also
discusses their efficacy and mechanisms of action in vitro and in
vivo models of CNS disease, and provides laboratory studies with
compelling clinical indications for Alzheimer's disease,
Huntington's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord
injury, ALS, sciatic nerve injury, and drug addiction.
An authoritative survey of the most recent scientific evidence
showing how cyclosporin, FK-506, and their analogs-the
neuroimmunophilins-evolved from being purely immunosuppressant
"drugs" to neuroprotective "agents." The book focuses on recent
preclinical evidence that demonstrates the
neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects of immunosuppressants when
administered alone or when combined with neural transplantation
therapy in animal models of neurological disorders. It also
discusses their efficacy and mechanisms of action in vitro and in
vivo models of CNS disease, and provides laboratory studies with
compelling clinical indications for Alzheimer's disease,
Huntington's disease, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord
injury, ALS, sciatic nerve injury, and drug addiction.
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