This volumecontainsthe proceedingsof ICCS 2008, the 16thInternationalC- ference on Conceptual Structures (ICCS). The focus of the ICCS conference is the representation and analysis of conceptual knowledge. ICCS brings together researchers to explore novel ways that Conceptual Structures can be used. ConceptualStructuresaremotivated byC.S. Peirce'sExistentialGraphsand were popularized by J.F. Sowa in the 1980s. Over 16 years ICCS has increased its scope to include innovations from a range of theories and related Conceptual Structure practices, among them formal concept analysis and ontologies. The- fore, ICCS presents a family of Conceptual Structure approaches that build on techniques derived from arti?cial intelligence, knowledge representation, applied mathematics and lattice theory, computational linguistics, conceptual modeling, intelligent systems and knowledge management. This volume's title -Knowledge Visualization and Reasoning - is intended to highlight the shared origins of Conceptual Structures with other visual forms of reasoning. J. Howse's invited survey paper "Diagrammatic Reasoning Systems" sets the scene for this theme, and severalother papers in the volume extend and reinforce these connections. The regular papers in this LNAI volume are split between theoretical and appliedcontributions.ICCShas traditionsinpracticalsystems sothe conference includestheone-dayConceptualStructuresToolInteroperabilityWorkshop(CS- TIW 2008) - published as a separate proceedings in the CEUR-WS. Both ICCS 2008 workshop and conference programhighlight results achieved with a variety of Conceptual Structures-based software.

This volume contains the Proceedings of ICFCA 2004, the 2nd International Conference on Formal Concept Analysis. The ICFCA conference series aims to be the premier forum for the publication of advances in applied lattice and order theory and in particular scienti?c advances related to formal concept analysis. Formal concept analysis emerged in the 1980s from e?orts to restructure lattice theory to promote better communication between lattice theorists and potentialusersoflatticetheory.Sincethen, the?eldhasdevelopedintoagrowing research area in its own right with a thriving theoretical community and an increasing number of applications in data and knowledge processing including data visualization, information retrieval, machine learning, data analysis and knowledge management. In terms of theory, formal concept analysis has been extended into attribute exploration, Boolean judgment, contextual logic and so on to create a powerful general framework for knowledge representation and reasoning. This conference aims to unify theoretical and applied practitioners who use formal concept an- ysis, drawing on the ?elds of mathematics, computer and library sciences and software engineering. The theme of the 2004 conference was 'Concept Lattices" to acknowledge the colloquial term used for the line diagrams that appear in almost every paper in this volume. ICFCA 2004 included tutorial sessions, demonstrating the practical bene?ts of formal concept analysis, and highlighted developments in the foundational theory and standards. The conference showcased the increasing variety of formal concept analysis software and included eight invited lectures from distinguished speakersinthe?eld.Sevenoftheeightinvitedspeakerssubmittedaccompanying papers and these were reviewed and appear in this volume.