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Glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins and glycolipids play
important roles in cell-cell interaction events, including
development, differentiation, m- phogenesis, fertilization,
inflammation, and metastasis. A number of reports have documented
the association of unique oligosaccharide sequences to p- tein
targeting and folding, and in mechanisms of infection,
inflammation, and immunity. For glycoproteins, these glycan
appendages are the result of extensive co- or post-translational
modifications of the nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum
and in the Golgi apparatus. Although nucleic acids and proteins are
copied from a template in a repeated series of identical steps
using the same enzymes, complex carbohydrates are formed by the
sequential actions of cellular glycosyltransferases that
specifically recognize unique s- strates. The molecular biology of
these transferases and other carbohydra- modifying enzymes is
providing important insights on oligosaccharide recognition events.
While it is acknowledged that the definition of the protein
complement of cells and tissues (the so-called proteome) remains an
enormous task in this postgenomic era, the characterization of all
glycans produced by individual organisms (referred to as the
glycome) presents an equally imp- tant challenge. This task is
further complicated by the fact that oligosacc- rides cannot
presently be cloned. These complex carbohydrates exist in a
staggering diversity of structures, linkages, and branching, thus
providing an exquisite molecular repertoire for cellular
interactions.
Glycoconjugates such as glycoproteins and glycolipids play
important roles in cell-cell interaction events, including
development, differentiation, m- phogenesis, fertilization,
inflammation, and metastasis. A number of reports have documented
the association of unique oligosaccharide sequences to p- tein
targeting and folding, and in mechanisms of infection,
inflammation, and immunity. For glycoproteins, these glycan
appendages are the result of extensive co- or post-translational
modifications of the nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum
and in the Golgi apparatus. Although nucleic acids and proteins are
copied from a template in a repeated series of identical steps
using the same enzymes, complex carbohydrates are formed by the
sequential actions of cellular glycosyltransferases that
specifically recognize unique s- strates. The molecular biology of
these transferases and other carbohydra- modifying enzymes is
providing important insights on oligosaccharide recognition events.
While it is acknowledged that the definition of the protein
complement of cells and tissues (the so-called proteome) remains an
enormous task in this postgenomic era, the characterization of all
glycans produced by individual organisms (referred to as the
glycome) presents an equally imp- tant challenge. This task is
further complicated by the fact that oligosacc- rides cannot
presently be cloned. These complex carbohydrates exist in a
staggering diversity of structures, linkages, and branching, thus
providing an exquisite molecular repertoire for cellular
interactions.
The President and leading Members of Congress have indicated that
income tax reform is a major policy objective. Some itemised
deductions are visible candidates for "broadening the base" of the
individual income tax and cutting back on tax expenditures and
primarily consist of deductions for mortgage interest, state, and
local taxes, and charitable contributions. The benefits of itemised
deductions are concentrated among higher-income individuals, and
that is particularly the case for state and local income tax
deductions and charitable deductions. Proposals for addressing
these provisions fall into two general classes. One approach could
include repealing or restricting all itemised deductions. A
different approach would consider each type of deduction and tailor
a reform to the particular objectives and merits of the deductions,
such as a lower ceiling on home mortgage interest deduction and a
floor for charitable contributions. This book analyses various
proposals to restrict itemised deductions, both across-the-board
and individually tailored, using standard economic criteria of
economic efficiency, distribution, simplicity, and estimated
revenue effects.
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