Filled with strategies to minimize the adverse effects of injectable drugs, this book provides the scientific background and techniques required to evaluate parenteral formulations with respect to their potential to cause pain, irritation, and muscle damage. Using a unique, interdisciplinary approach, the book's editors and contributors represent the areas of pharmaceutics, physiology, anatomy, toxicology, and product formulation. The chapters cover topics such as muscle damage with injectables, in vitro and in vivo cystolic enzyme release, histological and morphological methods, assessing pain, cosolvents in injectables, biodegradable microparticles, and more.

World population is increasing at an alarming rate and this has resulted in increasing tremendously the demand for tree products such as wood for construction materials, fuel and paper, fruits, oils and medicines etc. This has put immense pressure on the world's supplies of trees and raw material to industry and will continue to do so as long as human population continues to grow. Also, the quality of human diet, especially nutritional components, is adversely affected due to limited genetic improvement of most of fruit trees. Thus there is an immediate need to increase productivity of trees. Improvement has been made through conventional breeding methods, however, conventional breeding is very slow due to long life cycle of trees. A basic strategy in tree improvement is to capture genetic gain through clonal propagation. Clonal propagation via organogenesis is being used for the production of selected elite individual trees. However, the methods are labour intensive, costly, and produce low volumes. Genetic gain can now be captured through somatic embryogenesis. Formation of embryos from somatic cells by a process resembling zygotic embryogenesis is one of the most important features of plants. In 1958, Reinert in Germany and Steward in USA independently reported somatic embryogenesis in carrot cultures. Since then, tremendous progress in somatic embryogenesis of woody and non-woody plants has taken place. It offers a potentially large-scale propagation system for superior clones.