The Gir forests were constituted into wildlife sanctuary in 1965 and its core area notified as national park in 1975. The protection thus accorded to the area enhanced the flora and fauna attributes. However this fame rested largely on its being the last refuge of Asiatic lion, and the lion shows organized by the forest department became very popular with the visitors where they could see and photograph this majestic beast with relative ease. It also made the Gir, one of the most well-known and visited protected areas in the country. The lion show came to be seen as an over exposure, causing apprehensions about animal loosing its natural instincts, and the shows were stopped in 1988.Tourism receives about 2 million visitors annually. With this sector, a trend described as nature tourism and ecotourism. Within the Gir protected area, there are 26 temple complexes where more than 1.5 lakh pilgrims visit annually. Of these however, only three may be considered the major ones - Tulsishyam, Kankai, and Banej which together account for most of the pilgrim traffic in the PA.The current study was to find out the impact of tourism on Gir PA.

Jhilmil Jheel is a saucer shaped wetland situated on the left bank of River Ganges in Chiriyapur forest range of Haridwar district in Uttarakhand State, India.The sighting of swamp deer in this area was reported by the authours on 1st February, 2005.Later, on 14 August 2005, the area was declared among one of the first Conservation Reserve in India by the Hon President of India Prof Abdul Kalam.The area is rich in faunal and floral diversity including four species of deer (Chital, Sambar, Barking deer and Swamp deer), Wild Elephant, Nilgai and Common leopard occasionally tiger and a large number of resident and winter migratory birds.Tantpur village is the only village adjacent to Jhilmil Jheel. The village came into existence only after 1950's.These villagers strongly support conservation of Swamp deer in Jhilmil Jheel.Efforts are made here to highlight the management needs for the betterment in conserving Swamp deer, its habitat and as a whole flora and fauna of the Jhilmil Jheel Conservation Reserve with the cooperation of people of adjacent Tantwala village.

Shorttitle The Asiatic one-horned Rhinoceros/ Greater Indian One-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is endangered species of Indian mega fauna.Once Indian One-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) roamed over the Indus, Gangetic to Brahamputra flood plains of the Indian sub- continent.At present the Great Indian One Horned Rhinoceros has total population of about 2800 animals in India and Nepal. In India, currently its population is restricted to four natural populations in Assam viz Kaziranga, Manas, Orang (Rajiv Gandhi WLS) and Pobitora, two natural populations in West Bengal viz Jaldapara and Gorumara and one re- introduced population in Dudhwa NP and one migratory population in Katerniaghat UP.In Nepal, the three rhino populations are in Royal Chitwan NP, Royal Bardia N.P and Sulkhlaphanta WLS. The Rhino of Royal Chitwan N.P. is a natural population while Royal Bardia NP and Sukhlaphanta WLS have the re- introduced population. The Kaziranga National Park in Assam (India) has the highest population of Rhino (2084) and Pobitora WLS (84 rhinos in 16 sq km area) followed by Royal Chitwan N.P. in Nepal (408 rhinos) in 2010.

The corridor between Dudhwa National Park and Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary has been disrupted due to continuous biotic pressure and human settlements. The situation of corridor between Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary and Royal Bardia National Park is more or less similar. In the past corridors were safer passages for animals while movement from one place to other. Records on the regular movements of tiger, elephant and rhino from Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary to Dudhwa National Park are limited. But movement of elephants and rhinos takes place between Royal Bardia National Park and Katerniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary, which is restricted to certain areas. In such situation, revival of corridors is very important for survival of these three isolated wild animal population including rhinos, tiger and elephant.