The processes of Globalization based on major forms of entertainment consumption has promoted the interest of enlarged social actors towards cultural experiencing. Disseminated by social media, new forms of information and knowledge about exotic and new tourism destinations have endorsed an increasing interest towards forms of Cultural Tourism, perceived as a driver of social, cultural, and economic development of tourism destinations. This Cultural Tourism turnout results from a significant change on the traveler's demand, promoted by visitors with higher educational backgrounds, new travelling behavior, demanding a new and renovated interest towards Cultural Heritage, namely tangible, intangible, as well as to storytelling, favoring genuine tourism experiences. Away from staged authenticity and commodification, these new travelers prefer local tourism experiences, in order to try to contact with locals' culture and behaviors and to get in touch with resident's daily life experiences. The present pandemic context has reaffirmed the main importance of this direct contact, more connected to local experiences, by national tourists. With this in mind, we can understand the importance of a Cultural Route and other tourism itineraries as integrated offers that combine both the tourism experience itself and a way for tourists to connect with the communities, participating in some co-creation activities and above all to create strong connection with traditions, helping their economic and socio-cultural development.

This book is the result of years of research following a realization of the mismatch of engineering skills produced by universities and those that industry required, based on the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa, equally applicable to other regions in Africa and indeed worldwide. The book is meant to assist engineering academics and engineers in industry to build capacity and cope with the dynamic trends in technology brought on by the 4th Industrial Revolution and to prepare for the 5th Industrial Revolution, an era predicted to be dominated by critical and system thinkers with creative and innovative skills as basic necessities. The book is also useful for policy-making researchers in academia, industrial and public sector researchers, and implementers in governments that provide required funding for the development of human resources and skills. The book primarily consists of the novel research and innovation approaches of modelling and building systems thinking sub-models which were ultimately integrated into the Universal Systems Thinking (UST) model aimed at improving the quality of engineers and engineering practice. The initiatives in this book include strategies for bridging the gap between industry and academia through systems thinking research. The book provides information on how to model, simulate, adjust and implement integrated systems thinking approaches to engineering education and training for capacity building and sustainability. The book also covers approaches to address research gaps and mismatch of skills while capitalizing on the successes of several projects carried out and supported by the Royal Academy of Engineering over the years.