The authors present a framework for thinking about technologies that allow for online communication for language learning, and investigate practical issues of using, for example, forums, chats, audio and visual real-time platforms as well as virtual worlds and mobile devices. By examining numerous studies written about such tools in use in educational settings, the authors offer a thorough appraisal of the potential benefits and challenges of learning and teaching a language online. The book talks directly and practically to teachers about research issues of relevance to them and suggests do-able small-scale projects.

The authors present a framework for thinking about technologies that allow for online communication for language learning, and investigate practical issues of using, for example, forums, chats, audio and visual real-time platforms as well as virtual worlds and mobile devices. By examining numerous studies written about such tools in use in educational settings, the authors offer a thorough appraisal of the potential benefits and challenges of learning and teaching a language online. The book talks directly and practically to teachers about research issues of relevance to them and suggests do-able small-scale projects.

Because estimation involves inferring information about an unknown quantity on the basis of available data, the selection of an estimator is influenced by its ability to perform well under the conditions that are assumed to underlie the data. Since these conditions are never known exactly, the estimators chosen must be robust; i.e., they must be able to perform well under a variety of underlying conditions. The theory of robust estimation is based on specified properties of specified estimators under specified conditions. This book was written as the result of a study undertaken to establish the interaction of these three components over as large a range as possible. Originally published in 1972. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Because estimation involves inferring information about an unknown quantity on the basis of available data, the selection of an estimator is influenced by its ability to perform well under the conditions that are assumed to underlie the data. Since these conditions are never known exactly, the estimators chosen must be robust; i.e., they must be able to perform well under a variety of underlying conditions. The theory of robust estimation is based on specified properties of specified estimators under specified conditions. This book was written as the result of a study undertaken to establish the interaction of these three components over as large a range as possible. Originally published in 1972. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.