Ligand-gated ion channels mediate fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous s- tem (CNS) and at ganglionic and neuromuscular synapses. The nicotinic acetylcholine - ceptor (nAChR) is a member of the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily, which includes the 5-HT , glycine and GABA type A and C receptors. These receptors are known as Cys- 3 loop receptors, as all of them have a conserved sequence containing a pair of cysteines separated by 13 residues and linked by a disulfide bridge. nAChRs can be divided into two groups: muscle receptors, which are found at the skeletal neuromuscular junction where they mediate neuromuscular transmission, and neuronal receptors, which are found throughout the peripheral and central nervous system. Many of the early studies carried out on the subunit composition and structure of the nAChRs were performed on receptors isolated from the electric organ of Torpedo californica, as this tissue is very rich in nAChRs, and they were found to have a high degree of homology with the embryonic v- tebrate muscle type receptor. Muscle nAChRs are made up of five subunits arranged around a central pore (Fig. 1A, B). In Torpedo electric organ and vertebrate fetal muscle, the subunit composition is (a1) b1gd, and in adult muscle the g subunit is replaced by the e to give an (a1)b1ed 2 2 composition (Mishina et al. 1986).

In mid-nineteenth-century Britain, there existed a dominant discourse on what it meant to be a man -denoted by the term "manliness." Based on the sociological work of R.W. Connell and others who argue that gender is performative, Robert Hogg asks how British men performed manliness on the colonial frontiers of Queensland and British Columbia.

First published in 1992, "A Grammar of Old English, Volume 1: Phonology" was a landmark publication that in the intervening years has not been surpassed in its depth of scholarship and usefulness to the field. With the 2011 posthumous publication of Richard M. Hogg's "Volume 2: Morphology," "Volume 1" is again in print, now in paperback, so that scholars can own this complete work.Takes account of major developments both in the field of Old English studies and in linguistic theoryTakes full advantage of the "Dictionary of Old" "English" project at Toronto, and includes full cross-references to the "DOE" dataFully utilizes work in phonemic and generative theory and related topicsProvides material crucial for future research both in diachronic and synchronic phonology and in historical sociolinguistics

In mid-nineteenth-century Britain, there existed a dominant discourse on what it meant to be a man -denoted by the term 'manliness'. Based on the sociological work of R.W. Connell and others who argue that gender is performative, Robert Hogg asks how British men performed manliness on the colonial frontiers of Queensland and British Columbia.