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This monograph aims at presenting a unified approach to numerical
modeling of tsunami as long waves based on finite difference
methods for 1D, 2D and 3D generation processes, propagation, and
runup. Many practical examples give insight into the relationship
between long wave physics and numerical solutions and allow readers
to quickly pursue and develop specific topics in greater depth. The
aim of this book is to start from basics and then continue into
applications. This approach should serve well the needs of
researchers and students of physics, physical oceanography,
ocean/civil engineers, computer science, and emergency management
staff. Chapter 2 is particularly valuable as it fully describes the
application of finite-difference methods to the study of long waves
by demonstrating how physical properties of water waves, especially
phase velocity, are connected to the chosen numerical algorithm.
Basic notions of numerical methods, i.e. approximation of the
relevant differential equations, stability of the numerical scheme,
and computational errors are explained through application to long
waves. Finite-difference methods are further developed in major
chapters to deal with complex problems that arise in the study of
recent tsunamis.
Food legumes (pulses) playa role in human nutrition and more
recently as animal feed, in the developing world. They contain
minerals and vitamins essential for a balanced diet in humans. In
many developing countries food legumes provide the necessary
protein and amino acids (in predominantly vegetarian India,
Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka) and supplement the
protein diet of people in other countries. Since 1980-82 per capita
consumption has declined by 6 % in developing countries where
relative pulse prices have gone up and consumption of animal
protein (eg milk) has increased. The importance of legumes as
animal feed is increasing. The compound growth rate for feed use
during 1980-95 was 7. 97% compared to 1. 5% growth for food use
during the same period (Kelly et aI. , 1997). As an integral part
of farming systems, food legumes, in rotation with cereals and
tuber crops, assist in maintaining soil fertility and the
sustainability of production systems (Rego et aI. , 1996). Owing to
higher prices in comparison with cereals, food legumes are
increasingly being grown to supplement farmers' incomes. The major
food legumes grown in developing countries are: dry bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris), faba bean (Vicia faba), dry pea (Pisum sativum),
chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), mung bean
(Vigna radiata), black gram (Vigna mungo) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
and Lathyrns ( Lathyrus sativus). Oil crops such as groundnut
(Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max) are food legumes but
are not discussed in this paper.
The book presents a comprehensive up-to-date survey of wetland
design techniques and operational experience from treatment
wetlands. This book is the first and only global synthesis of
information related to constructed treatment wetlands. Types of
constructed wetlands, major design parameters, role of vegetation,
hydraulic patterns, loadings, treatment efficiency, construction,
operation and maintenance costs are discussed in depth. History of
the use of constructed wetlands and case studies from various parts
of the world are included as well. Constructed Wetlands for
Pollution Control will be indispensable for wastewater treatment
researchers and designers, decision makers in public authorities,
wetland engineers, environmentalists and landscape ecologists.
Contents Biological methods for the treatment of wastewaters Types
of constructed wetland Aplications of the technology Framework for
interpreting and predicting water quality improvement Mechanisms
and results for water quality improvement Design Plants and
planting System start-up Economics Case studies Scientific and
Technical Report No.8
Starting from the premise of the letter as literary artefact, with
a potential for ambiguity, irony and textual allusion, this
innovative analysis of the correspondence between the Cluniac
abbot, Peter the Venerable, and the future saint, Bernard of
Clairvaux, challenges the traditional use of these letters as a
source for historical and (auto)biographical reconstruction.
Applying techniques drawn from modern theories of epistolarity and
contemporary literary criticism to letters treated as whole
constructs, Knight demonstrates the presence of a range of
manipulative strategies and argues for the consequent production of
a significant degree of fictionalisation. She traces the emergence
of an epistolarly sequence which forms a kind of extended
narrative, drawing its authority from Augustine and Jerome, and
rooted in classical rhetoric. The work raises important
implications both for the study of relations between Cluniacs and
Cistercians in the first half of the 12th century and for the
approach to letter-writing as a whole.
The mediation of the balance between vigilance and restraint is a
fundamental feature of judicial review of administrative action in
the Anglo-Commonwealth. This balance is realised through the
modulation of the depth of scrutiny when reviewing the decisions of
ministers, public bodies and officials. While variability is
ubiquitous, it takes different shapes and forms. Dean R. Knight
explores the main shapes and forms employed in judicial review in
England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand over the last fifty
years. Four schemata are drawn from the case law and taken back to
conceptual foundations, exposing their commonality and differences,
and each approach is evaluated. This detailed methodology provides
a sound basis for decisions and debates about how variability
should be brought to individual cases and will be of great value to
legal scholars, judges and practitioners interested in judicial
review.
The mediation of the balance between vigilance and restraint is a
fundamental feature of judicial review of administrative action in
the Anglo-Commonwealth. This balance is realised through the
modulation of the depth of scrutiny when reviewing the decisions of
ministers, public bodies and officials. While variability is
ubiquitous, it takes different shapes and forms. Dean R. Knight
explores the main shapes and forms employed in judicial review in
England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand over the last fifty
years. Four schemata are drawn from the case law and taken back to
conceptual foundations, exposing their commonality and differences,
and each approach is evaluated. This detailed methodology provides
a sound basis for decisions and debates about how variability
should be brought to individual cases and will be of great value to
legal scholars, judges and practitioners interested in judicial
review.
This book examines New Zealand’s constitution, through the lens
of constitutional realism. It looks at the practices, habits,
conventions and norms of constitutional life. It focuses on the
structures, processes and culture that govern the exercise of
public power – a perspective that is necessary to explore and
account for a lived, rather than textual, constitution. New
Zealand’s constitution is unique. One of three remaining
unwritten democratic constitutions in the world, it is
characterised by a charming set of anachronistic contrasts.
“Unwritten”, but much found in various written sources. Built
on a network of Westminster constitutional conventions but
generously tailored to local conditions. Proudly independent, yet
perhaps a purer Westminster model than its British parent. Flexible
and vulnerable, while oddly enduring. It looks to the centralised
authority that comes with a strong executive, strict parliamentary
sovereignty, and a unitary state. However, its populace insists on
egalitarian values and representative democracy, with elections
fiercely conducted nowadays under a system of proportional
representation. The interests of indigenous Maori are protected
largely through democratic majority rule. A reputation for
upholding the rule of law, yet few institutional safeguards to
ensure compliance.
Food legumes (pulses) playa role in human nutrition and more
recently as animal feed, in the developing world. They contain
minerals and vitamins essential for a balanced diet in humans. In
many developing countries food legumes provide the necessary
protein and amino acids (in predominantly vegetarian India,
Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar and Sri Lanka) and supplement the
protein diet of people in other countries. Since 1980-82 per capita
consumption has declined by 6 % in developing countries where
relative pulse prices have gone up and consumption of animal
protein (eg milk) has increased. The importance of legumes as
animal feed is increasing. The compound growth rate for feed use
during 1980-95 was 7. 97% compared to 1. 5% growth for food use
during the same period (Kelly et aI. , 1997). As an integral part
of farming systems, food legumes, in rotation with cereals and
tuber crops, assist in maintaining soil fertility and the
sustainability of production systems (Rego et aI. , 1996). Owing to
higher prices in comparison with cereals, food legumes are
increasingly being grown to supplement farmers' incomes. The major
food legumes grown in developing countries are: dry bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris), faba bean (Vicia faba), dry pea (Pisum sativum),
chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), mung bean
(Vigna radiata), black gram (Vigna mungo) pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
and Lathyrns ( Lathyrus sativus). Oil crops such as groundnut
(Arachis hypogaea) and soybean (Glycine max) are food legumes but
are not discussed in this paper.
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