Since the 2014 Ebola outbreak many public- and private-sector leaders have seen a need for improved management of global public health emergencies. The effects of the Ebola epidemic go well beyond the three hardest-hit countries and beyond the health sector. Education, child protection, commerce, transportation, and human rights have all suffered. The consequences and lethality of Ebola have increased interest in coordinated global response to infectious threats, many of which could disrupt global health and commerce far more than the recent outbreak. In order to explore the potential for improving international management and response to outbreaks the National Academy of Medicine agreed to manage an international, independent, evidence-based, authoritative, multistakeholder expert commission. As part of this effort, the Institute of Medicine convened four workshops in summer of 2015 to inform the commission report. The presentations and discussions from the Pandemic Financing Workshop are summarized in this report. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 International Cooperative Action on Pandemics 3 Pandemic Emergency Funds 4 Adapting Insurance Products for Pandemic Risk 5 Innovative Financing Mechanisms for Preparedness and Response 6 Identifying Triggers and Modeling Risk 7 Financing Challenges In-Country 8 Donor Considerations and Crowding-In 9 The Role of the Private Sector 10 Incentives and Preparedness Appendix A: References Appendix B: Workshop Agenda Appendix C: Participant Biographies

Quality of care is a priority for U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). The agency's missions abroad and their host country partners work in quality improvement, but a lack of evidence about the best ways to facilitate such improvements has constrained their informed selection of interventions. Six different methods - accreditation, COPE, improvement collaborative, standards-based management and recognitions (SBM-R), supervision, and clinical in-service training - currently make up the majority of this investment for USAID missions. As their already substantial investment in quality grows, there is demand for more scientific evidence on how to reliably improve quality of care in poor countries. USAID missions, and many other organizations spending on quality improvement, would welcome more information about how different strategies work to improve quality, when and where certain tools are most effective, and the best ways to measure success and shortcomings. To gain a better understanding of the evidence supporting different quality improvement tools and clarity on how they would help advance the global quality improvement agenda, the Institute of Medicine convened a 2-day workshop in January 2015. The workshop's goal was to illuminate these different methods, discussing their pros and cons. This workshop summary is a description of the presentations and discussions. Table of Contents Front Matter 1 Introduction 2 An Overview of Quality of Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 3 Six Widely Used Methods to Improve Quality 4 Reviewing the Evidence for Different Quality Improvement Methods 5 Synthesizing Evidence, Identifying Gaps 6 Cross-Cutting Approaches to Improve Quality References Appendix A: Workshop Agenda Appendix B: Participant Biographies