Over thiry-five experts contribute to this publication about the various interactions and interrelationships of the parameters which affect the normal and ischemic heart. Mechanical aspects related to the global and regional function of the heart are discussed. Coronary perfusion of the ischemic heart is considered, with emphasis on the effects of reperfusion. Electrical activation, formation of arrhythmias, and the effects of ischemia or ionic transport in the myocardium are presented. Metabolic aspects of the ischemic heart, including calcium transport, are also explained.

The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address the following goals: (1) To foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists and cardiologists, identify missing links, and catalyze new ideas. (2) To relate basic microscale phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function. (3) To relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data. (4) To encourage international cooperation so as to disperse medical and technological knowhow and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. The first Henry Goldberg Workshop, held in Haifa in 1984, introduced the concept of interaction between cardiac mechanics, electrical activation, perfusion, and metabolism, emphasizing imaging in the clinical environment. The second Workshop, in 1985, discussed the same parameters with a slant towards the control aspects. The third Goldberg Workshop, held in the USA at Rutgers University in 1986, highlighted the transformation of the microscale activation phenomena to macroscale activity and performance, relating electrophysiology, energy metabolism, and cardiac mechanics. The fourth Goldberg Workshop, in 1987, continued the effort to elucidate the interactions among the various parameters affecting cardiac performance, with emphasis on the ischemic heart. The fifth Workshop, held in Cambridge, UK, in 1988, dwelt on the effects of inhomogeneity of the cardiac muscle on its performance in health and disease. The sixth Workshop highlighted the role of new modem imaging techniques, that allow us to gain more insight into local and global cardiac performance in cardiac research and clinical practice.

The tenth Henry Goldberg Workshop is an excellent occasion to recall our goals and celebrate some of our humble achievements. Vision and love of our fellow man are combined here to: 1) Foster interdisciplinary interaction between leading world scientists and clinical cardiologists so as to identify missing knowledge and catalyze new research ideas; 2) relate basic microscale, molecular and subcellular phenomena to the global clinically manifested cardiac performance; 3) apply conceptual modelling and quantitative analysis to better explore, describe, and understand cardiac physiology; 4) interpret available clinical data and design new revealing experiments; and 5) enhance international cooperation in the endless search for the secrets of life and their implication on cardiac pathophysiology. The first Goldberg Workshop, held in Haifa, in 1984, explored the interaction of mechanics, electrical activation, perfusion and metabolism, emphasizing imaging in the clinical environment. The second Workshop, in 1985, discussed the same parameters with a slant towards the control aspects. The third Goldberg Workshop, held in the USA at Rutgers University, in 1986, highlighted the transformation of the microscale activation phenomena to macro scale activity and performance, relating electrophysiology, energy metabolism and cardiac mechanics. The fourth Goldberg Workshop continued the effort to elucidate the various parameters affecting cardiac performance, with emphasis on the ischemic heart. The fifth Workshop concentrated on the effect of the inhomogeneity of the cardiac muscle on its performance. The sixth Workshop highlighted new imaging techniques which allow insight into the local and global cardiac performance.

The ultrasound velocity tomography allows measurement of cardiac geometries for various phases in the cardiac cycle. The present tomograph makes reconstruc tions at intervals of 20 ms. Because of a lack of clear (intramural) landmarks (except the roots of the papillairy muscle), it is difficult to pinpoint spatial trajectories of particular points in the heart. Therefore, a second method was developed of injecting radiopaque markers in the heart and following their motion patterns during the cardiac cycle with help of a biplane X-ray equipment. The data obtained with both methods can be implemented in our finite element model of the heart to compute intramural stresses and strains. The results obtained sofar with the extended Darcy equation to account for the interaction of blood rheology and tissue mechanics look promising. Further testing with more sophisticated subjects than mentioned in Figure 9 is required before it will be implemented in our finite element model of the heart. We conclude that analysis of regional cardiac function, including regional myocardial blood flow, requires still a major research effort but the results obtained sofar justify, to our opinion, a continuation in this direction. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Dr. C. Borst and coworkers for doing the animal experiments and prof. Van Campen and dr. Grootenboer for their participation is some aspects of this work."

The basic mechanism underlying directional differences in excitability, con- duction velocity, andsafetyfactor thatleadtocircusmovementreentry incardiac muscle is generally attributed to a spatial difference in the refractory period as originally described by Mines [1] or to a depressed segment as described by Schmitt and Erlanger [2]. A departure from this depolarization in cardiac muscle involve quantities, such as Vmax' that are not directly descriptive of the underlying mechanisms of propagation.

The cardiac system represents one of the most exciting challenges to human ingenuity. Critical to our survival, it consists of a tantalizing array of interacting phenomena, from ionic microscopic transport, membrane channels and receptors through cellular metabolism, energy production to fiber mechanics, microcirculation, electrical activation to the global, clinically observed, function, which is measured by pressure, volume, coronary flow, heart rate, shape changes and responds to imposed loads and pharmaceutical challenges. It is a complex interdisciplinary system requiring the joint efforts of the life sciences, the exact sciences, engineering and technology to understand and control the pathologies involved. The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address these challenges. Briefly, our goals are: 1. To foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists from different areas of cardiology, identify missing links, and catalyze new questions. 2. To relate micro scale cellular phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function. 3. To relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data. 4. To encourage international cooperation so as to disperse medical and technological know how and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. Today we celebrate the 7th birthday of a dream come true; a dream to bring together the diversified expertise in the various fields of science, engineering and medicine, to relate to the numerous interactive parameters and disciplines involved in the performance of the heart.

The cardiac system represents one of the most exciting challenges to human ingenuity. Critical to our survival, it consists of a tantalizing array of interacting phenomena, from ionic microscopic transport, membrane channels and receptors through cellular metabolism, energy production to fiber mechanics, microcirculation, electrical activation to the global, clinically observed, function, which is measured by pressure, volume, coronary flow, heart rate, shape changes and responds to imposed loads and pharmaceutical challenges. It is a complex interdisciplinary system requiring the joint efforts of the life sciences, the exact sciences, engineering and technology to understand and control the pathologies involved. The Henry Goldberg Workshops were set up to address these challenges. Briefly, our goals are: 1. To foster interdisciplinary interaction between scientists from different areas of cardiology, identify missing links, and catalyze new questions. 2. To relate micro scale cellular phenomena to the global, clinically manifested cardiac function. 3. To relate conceptual modeling and quantitative analysis to experimental and clinical data. 4. To encourage international cooperation so as to disperse medical and technological know how and lead to better understanding of the cardiac system. Today we celebrate the 7th birthday of a dream come true; a dream to bring together the diversified expertise in the various fields of science, engineering and medicine, to relate to the numerous interactive parameters and disciplines involved in the performance of the heart.

Molecular Mechanisms of Sarcolemar Excitability: Ion Channels and Pumps in Cardiac Function; H.A. Fozzard, G. Lipkind Molecular Mechanisms of K+ Channel Blockade: 4Aminopyridine Interaction with a Cloned Cardiac Transient K+(Kv1.4) Channel; R.L. Rasmusson Integrative Models and Responses in Cardiac Ischemia; S. Horner, M.J. Lab Intracellular Calcium and Muscle Function-SR and Filaments: Sarcomere Function and Crossbridge Cycling; H.E.D.J. ter Keurs Crossbridge Dynamics in Muscle Contraction; A. Landesberg, et al. Mechanisms of the Frank-Starling Phenomena Studies in Intact Hearts; D. Burkhoff, et al. Molecular Manifestations of Cell Adaptation: Metabolic Oscillations in Heart Cells; B. O'Rourke, et al. Regulation of Adenosine Receptors in Cultured Heart Cells; D. ElAni, et al. Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure: The Role of Myocardial Collagen; J.S. Janicki, et al. Analysis and Modeling: From Microstructure to Macroperformance: Mechanisms of Endocardial Endothelium Modulation of Myocardial Performance; P. Mohan, et al. Vascular Gene Therapy; M.Y. Flugelman Closure: Toward Modeling the Human Physionome; J.B. Bassingthwaighte 20 additional articles. Index.

Cell to Organ: Electromechanical Activation.- 1 Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in Cardiac Muscle.- 2 Neuromodulation of Calcium Current by Extracellular ATP in Isolated Ventricular Myocytes.- 3 Intracellular Calcium and Myocardial Function during Ischemia.- 4 Intracellular Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle.- 5 Myocardial Energetics.- 6 Mechanisms of Endocardial Endothelium Modulation of Myocardial Performance.- 7 Calcium Kinetic and Mechanical Regulation of the Cardiac Muscle.- 8 Cellular Responses to Electrical Stimulation: A Study Using a Model of the Ventricular Cardiac Action Potential.- 9 Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Contractile Protein Function in Failing and Nonfailing Human Myocardium.- Mechanics and Microcirculation.- 10 Estimation of Myocardial Mechanical Properties with Dynamic Transverse Stiffness.- 11 Intramyocardial Mechanical States: Vessel-Interstitium-Muscle Interface.- 12 Myocardial Mechanics and Coronary Flow Dynamics.- 13 Modeling of Coronary Capillary Flow.- Microstructure: Mechanics and Microcirculation.- 14 Models for Coronary Pressure-Flow Relationships.- 15In VivoMyocardial Microcirculation: Evaluation with a Whole-Body X-Ray CT Method.- 16 Endocardial Coronary Microcirculation of the Beating Heart.- 17 Distribution and Control of Coronary Microvascular Resistance.- 18 Theoretical Analysis of Coronary Blood Flow and Tissue Oxygen Pressure-Control.- Microcirculation and Metabolic Transport.- 19 Adenosine Coronary Vasodilation during Hypoxia Depends on Adrenergic Receptor Activation.- 20 Chaos in Cardiac Signals.- 21 Intramyocardial Fluid Transport Effects on Coronary Flow and Left Ventricular Mechanics.- 22 Metabolic Protection of Post-Ischemic Phosphorylation Potential and Ventricular Performance.- 23 Metabolic and Mechanical Control of the Microcirculation.- Remodeling of Muscle and Vessels.- 24 Asymmetrical Changes in Ventricular Wall Mass by Asynchronous Electrical Activation of the Heart.- 25 Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction.- 26 Arterial Remodelling after Percutaneous Transluminal Balloon Angioplasty.- 27 Structural and Functional Remodeling of Poststenotic Arteries in the Rat.- 28 Myocardial Collagen and Its Functional Role.- Cardiac Function and Circulation.- 29 Ventricular-Arterial Interaction: Cardiac Effects of Mean versus Pulsatile Arterial Load.- 30 The Veins and Ventricular Preload.- 31 Why Smaller Animals Have Higher Heart Rates.- 32 Feedback Effects in Heart-Arterial System Interaction.- Integrated Analysis.- 33 The Relationship between Altered Load and Impaired Diastolic Function in Conscious Dogs with Pacing Induced Heart Failure.- 34 Interactions: The Integrated Functioning of Heart and Lungs.- 35 Carotid-Cardiac Interaction: Heart Rate Variability during the Unblocking of the Carotid Artery.- 36 Right and Left Ventricle Interaction and Remodeling in Congenital Heart Disease.- 37 Macroscopic Three-Dimensional Motion Patterns of the Left Ventricle.- 38 Cardiovascular Flow Velocity Measurements by 2D Doppler Imaging for Assessment of Vascular Function.- The Editors.- Contributors.