This book focuses on determination of scattering of parallel-fed planar dipole arrays in terms of reflection and transmission coefficients at different levels of the array system. In aerospace vehicles, the phased arrays are often in planar configuration. The radar cross section (RCS) of the vehicle is mainly due to its structure and the antennas mounted over it. There can be situation when the signatures due to antennas dominate over the structural RCS of the platform. This necessitates the study towards the reduction and control of antenna/ array RCS. The planar dipole array is considered as a stacked linear dipole array. A systematic, step-by-step approach is used to determine the RCS pattern including the finite dimensions of dipole antenna elements. The mutual impedance between the dipole elements for planar configuration is determined. The scattering till second-level of couplers in parallel feed network is taken into account. The phase shifters are modelled as delay line. All the couplers in the feed network are assumed to be four port devices. It is shown that the array RCS can be reduced considerably for a low observable platform by an optimization of array design parameters even in the presence of mutual coupling. This book presents a systematic step-by-step analytical formulation for RCS of planar half-wavelength centre-fed dipole arrays through various schematics and illustrations. The analytical description and analysis provided in this book should be useful for students, researchers, and design engineers of phased arrays.

Soft computing techniques are emerging as an important tool in solving design, performance and optimisation problems in electromagnetics. Soft Computing in Electromagnetics offers detailed discussion on the application of soft computing concepts in the field of metamaterial antennas, radar absorbers, transmission line characterisation and optimised radar absorbing material (RAM) and introduces implementation of soft computing tools in a relatively new area of metamaterials. The soft computing methods are used to optimise fault detection, electromagnetic propagation and path loss detection. The development of two CAD packages for design of metamaterial split ring resonators (SRR) and path-loss prediction is discussed. The concepts are explained with the help of algorithms and the corresponding software codes. Numerical examples and MATLAB codes are provided throughout the text to facilitate understanding.

This book discusses the active and passive radar cross section (RCS) estimation and techniques to examine the low observable aerospace platforms. It begins with the fundamentals of RCS, followed by the dielectric, magnetic and metamaterials parameters of the constituent materials and then explains various methods and the emerging trends followed in this area of study. The RCS estimation of phased array including the mutual coupling effect is also presented in detail in the book. The active RCS reduction is carefully touched upon through the performance of phased arrays, sidelobe cancellers and mitigation of multipath effect. Providing information on various adaptive algorithms like least mean square (LMS), recursive least square (RLS) and weighted least square algorithms, the authors also mention the recent developments in the area of embedded antennas, conformal load bearing antenna, metamaterials and frequency selective surface (FSS) based RCS reduction.