The volume is organized around some key questions. Which texts were being translated? The point or period in time when this happened? And “why,� they were translated and the motivations behind these translations? Topics covered range from “thematic� nodes or clusters, e.g., the translations of Marxist classics like the Communist Manifesto into Bengali, Marathi, Hindi, etc. from the late 1920s onward. Translations of German scientific handbooks sponsored by the translation bureau of Osmania University and the Hindustani Academy’s translation of Lessing’s “Nathan der Weise� into Urdu and Hindi in the 1930s, highlighting the concept of tolerance. We also include personal endeavours, such as the Marathi translation of Nietzsche’s “Antichrist� done by S. R. Rajwade in 1931. On the other hand, German translations of Tagore setting in shortly after 1912 and the personal relationships involved will be discussed as well as different “strategies� of publication of translations from modern Indian languages guiding the output of publishing houses in both German states after 1949.