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Along the Atlantic seaboard, from Scotland to Spain, are numerous
rock carvings made four to five thousand years ago, whose
interpretation poses a major challenge to the archaeologist.
Richard Bradley discusses the cultural settings of the rock
carvings, the ways in which they can be interpreted in relation to
ancient land use, the creation of ritual monuments and the burial
of the dead. Integrating this fascinating yet little-known material
into the mainstream of prehistoric studies, IRock Art and the
Prehistory of Atlantic Europe demonstrates that these carvings
played a fundamental role inthe organization of the prehistoric
landscape.
Along the Atlantic seaboard, from Scotland to Spain, are numerous rock carvings made four to five thousand years ago, whose interpretation poses a major challenge to the archaeologist. In the first full-length treatment of the subject, based largely on new fieldwork, Richard Bradley argues that these carvings should be interpreted as a series of symbolic messages that are shared between monuments, artefacts and natural places in the landscape. He discusses the cultural setting of the rock carvings and the ways in which they can be interpreted in relation to ancient land use, the creation of ritual monuments and the burial of the dead. Integrating this fascinating yet little-known material into the mainstream of prehistoric studies, Richard Bradley demonstrates that these carvings played a fundamental role in the organization of the prehistoric landscape.
Archaeology in the past century has seen a major shift from
theoretical frameworks that treat the remains of past societies as
static snapshots of particular moments in time to interpretations
that prioritise change and variability. Though established
analytical concepts, such as typology, remain key parts of the
archaeologist’s investigative toolkit, data-gathering strategies
and interpretative frameworks have become infused progressively
with the concept that archaeology is living, in the sense of both
the objects of study and the discipline as a whole. The
significance for the field is that researchers across the world are
integrating ideas informed by relational epistemologies and
mutually constructive ontologies into their work from the initial
stage of project design all the way down to post-excavation
interpretation. This volume showcases examples of such work,
highlighting the utility of these ideas to exploring material both
old and new. The illuminating research and novel explanations
presented contribute to resolving long-standing problems in
regional archaeologies across Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and
Oceania. In this way, this volume reinvigorates approaches taken
towards older material but also acts as a springboard for future
innovative discussions of theory in archaeology and related
disciplines.
As healthcare costs rise, so too do the costs of assessment
instruments, critical tools for mental health professionals. While
some traditional assessment instruments have become prohibitively
expensive, as with many other fields, the Internet offers a host of
more affordable and equitable alternative assessment tools at
little or no cost. The pitfall of this alternative, thus far, has
been the lack of vetting and quality assessment. "Assessing Common
Mental Health and Addiction Issues With Free-Access Instruments"
fills this gap by providing the first analysis and assessment of
these tools, provided by some of the leading names in mental health
assessment instruments. This resource identifies the most efficient
free access instruments and provides summary information about
administration, scoring, interpretation, psychometric integrity,
and strengths and weaknesses. The book is organized around the most
common broad range issues encountered by helping professionals, and
whenever possible, a link to the instrument itself is provided.
This is an essential text for all mental health professionals
looking to expand the scope and range of their assessment
instruments.
The Great Houses of the prehistoric and early medieval periods were
enormous structures whose forms were modelled on those of domestic
dwellings. Most were built of wood rather than stone; they were
used over comparatively short periods; they were frequently
replaced in the same positions; and some were associated with
exceptional groups of artefacts. Their construction made
considerable demands on human labour and approached the limits of
what was possible at the time. They seem to have played specialised
roles in ancient society, but they have been difficult to
interpret. Were they public buildings or the dwellings of important
people? Were they temples or military bases, and why were they
erected during times of crisis or change? How were their sites
selected, and how were they related to the remains of a more
ancient past? Although their currency extended from the time of the
first farmers to the Viking Age, the similarities between the Great
Houses are as striking as the differences. This study focuses on
the monumental buildings of northern and northwestern Europe, but
draws on structures over a wide area, extending from Anatolia as
far as Brittany and Norway. It employs ethnography as a source of
ideas and discusses the concept of the House Society and its
usefulness in archaeology. The main examples are taken from the
Neolithic and Iron Age periods, but this account also draws on the
archaeology of the first millennium AD. The book emphasises the
importance of comparing archaeological sequences with one another
rather than identifying ideal social types. In doing so, it
features a range of famous and less famous sites, from Stonehenge
to the Hill of Tara, and from Old Uppsala to Yeavering.
Many years ago 'henge monuments' were identified as a distinctive
kind of prehistoric monument but their interpretation still poses
problems. When were they first built and how long did they remain
important? How were they used and did their roles change during the
course of their history? The results of excavations at Broomend of
Crichie in Aberdeenshire, Pullyhour in Caithness and Migdale and
Lairg in Sutherland are brought together in a new account of the
henge monuments of Northern Britain, which places a special
emphasis on their distinctive character and their extended history.
The study of stone circles has long played a major role in British
and Irish archaeology, and for Scotland most attention has been
focused on the large monuments of Orkney and the Western Isles.
Several decades of fieldwork have shown how these major structures
are likely to be of early date and recognised that that smaller
settings of monoliths had a more extended history. Many of the
structures in Northern Britain were reused during the later Bronze
Age, the Iron Age and the early medieval period. A series of
problems demand further investigation including: when were the last
stone circles built? How did they differ from earlier
constructions? How were they related to henge monuments, especially
those of Bronze Age date? How frequently were these places reused,
and did this secondary activity change the character of those
sites? This major new assessment first presents the results of
fieldwork undertaken at the Scottish recumbent stone circle of
Hillhead; the stone circles of Waulkmill and Croftmoraig, the stone
circle and henge at Hill of Tuach at Kintore; and the small ring
cairn at Laikenbuie in Inverness-shire. Part 2 brings together the
results of these five projects and puts forward a chronology for
the construction and primary use of stone circles, particularly the
Chalcolithic and Bronze Age examples. It considers the reuse of
stone circles, long after they were built, and discusses four
neighbouring stone circles in Aberdeenshire which display both
similarites and contrasts in their architecture, use of raw
materials, associated artefacts and structural sequences. Finally,
a reassessment and reinterpretation of Croftmoraig and its sequence
is presented: the new interpretation drawing attention to ways of
thinking about these monuments which have still to fulfil their
potential.
This volume explores why natural places such as caves, mountains, springs and rivers assumed a sacred character in European prehistory, and how the evidence for this can be analysed in the field. It shows how established research on votive deposits, rock art and production sites can contribute to a more imaginative approach to the prehistoric landscape, and can even shed light on the origins of monumental architecture. The discussion is illustrated through a wide range of European examples, and three extended case studies. An Archaeology of Natural Places extends the range of landscape studies and makes the results of modern research accessible to a wider audience, including students and academics, field archaeologists, and those working in heritage management.
This study, first published in 1978, explores the evidence for
pre-Roman settlement in Britain. Four aspects of the prehistoric
economy are described by the author - colonisation and clearance;
arable and pastoral farming; transhumance and nomadism; and
hunting, gathering and fishing. These aspects have been brought
together to formulate a structure which contains the evidence more
naturally than chronological schemes that depend on assumed changes
in population or technology. The book draws upon environmental
evidence and recent developments in archaeological fieldwork. It
also provides an extensive exploration of the published literature
on the subject and the scope of the evidence. Originally conceived
as an 'ideas book' rather than a final synthesis, the author's
intention throughout is to stimulate argument and research, and not
to replace one dogma with another.
As healthcare costs rise, so too do the costs of assessment
instruments, critical tools for mental health professionals. While
some traditional assessment instruments have become prohibitively
expensive, as with many other fields, the Internet offers a host of
more affordable and equitable alternative assessment tools at
little or no cost. The pitfall of this alternative, thus far, has
been the lack of vetting and quality assessment. Assessing Common
Mental Health and Addiction Issues With Free-Access Instruments
fills this gap by providing the first analysis and assessment of
these tools, provided by some of the leading names in mental health
assessment instruments. This resource identifies the most efficient
free access instruments and provides summary information about
administration, scoring, interpretation, psychometric integrity,
and strengths and weaknesses. The book is organized around the most
common broad range issues encountered by helping professionals, and
whenever possible, a link to the instrument itself is provided.
This is an essential text for all mental health professionals
looking to expand the scope and range of their assessment
instruments.
First published in 2006. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor and
Francis, an informa company.
Derbyshire has for centuries been a mecca for tourists attracted by
the beautiful Peak District scenery and famous stately homes like
Chatsworth and Haddon. What the tourists sometimes miss are the
surprising amounts of strange goings-on that happen in some of the
more tucked away rural locations - everything from hen racing to
naked boy racing. Derbyshire folk can be an obstinate and taciturn
breed, and even within living memory we can find examples of
villagers who have ventured no further afield than Derby. But why
would you need to venture any further when you have such a wealth
of odd events and curious happenings on your doorstep?
This fascinating study explores how our prehistoric ancestors
developed rituals from everyday life and domestic activities.
Richard Bradley contends that for much of the prehistoric period,
ritual was not a distinct sphere of activity. Rather it was the way
in which different features of the domestic world were played out
until they took on qualities of theatrical performance.
With extensive illustrated case-studies, this book examines
farming, craft production and the occupation of houses, all of
which were ritualized in prehistoric Europe. Successive chapters
discuss the ways in which ritual has been studied, drawing on a
series of examples that range from Greece to Norway and from
Romania to Portugal. They consider practices that extend from the
Mesolithic period to the Early Middle Ages and discuss the ways in
which ritual and domestic life were intertwined.
This fascinating study explores how our prehistoric ancestors
developed rituals from everyday life and domestic activities.
Richard Bradley contends that for much of the prehistoric period,
ritual was not a distinct sphere of activity. Rather it was the way
in which different features of the domestic world were played out
until they took on qualities of theatrical performance.
With extensive illustrated case-studies, this book examines
farming, craft production and the occupation of houses, all of
which were ritualized in prehistoric Europe. Successive chapters
discuss the ways in which ritual has been studied, drawing on a
series of examples that range from Greece to Norway and from
Romania to Portugal. They consider practices that extend from the
Mesolithic period to the Early Middle Ages and discuss the ways in
which ritual and domestic life were intertwined.
The idea of prehistory dates from the nineteenth century, but Richard Bradley contends that it is still a vital area for research. He argues that it is only through a combination of oral tradition and the experience of encountering ancient material culture that people were able to formulate a sense of their own pasts without written records. The Past in Prehistoric Societies presents case studies which extend from the Palaeolithic to the early Middle Ages and from the Alps to Scandinavia. It examines how archaeologists might study the origin of myths and the different ways in which prehistoric people would have inherited artefacts from the past. It also investigates the ways in which ancient remains might have been invested with new meanings long after their original significance had been forgotten. Finally, the author compares the procedures of excavation and field survey in the light of these examples. The work includes a large number of detailed case studies, is fully illustrated and has been written in an extremely accessible style.
This volume explores why natural places such as caves, mountains,
springs and rivers assumed a sacred character in European
prehistory, and how the evidence for this can be analysed in the
field. It shows how established research on votive deposits, rock
art and production sites can contribute to a more imaginative
approach to the prehistoric landscape, and can even shed light on
the origins of monumental architecture. The discussion is
illustrated through a wide range of European examples, and three
extended case studies.
An Archaeology of Natural Places extends the range of landscape
studies and makes the results of modern research accessible to a
wider audience, including students and academics, field
archaeologists, and those working in heritage management.
Just as modern societies interpret ancient monuments and
incorporate them in their political and cultural life, so people in
the past often re-used their own monuments and places. Illustrated
with plates and photographs and including articles by international
specialists, this book should appeal to graduates, academics and
anyone curious about the re-use of ancient monuments right up to
the present day.
The Neolithic period, when agriculture began and many monuments -
including Stonehenge - were constructed, is an era fraught with
paradoxes and ambiguities. Students of prehistory have long found
the highly theoretical interpretations of the period perplexing and
contradictory. Starting in the Mesolithic and carrying his analysis
through to the late Bronze Age, Richard Bradley sheds light on this
complex period and the changing consciousness of these prehistoric
peoples. The book studies the importance of monuments tracing their
history from their first creation to over 6000 years later. Part
one discusses how monuments first developed and their role in
developing a new sense of time and space among the inhabitants of
prehistoric Europe. Other features of the prehistoric landscape -
such as mounds and enclosures - across continental Europe are also
examined. Part two studies how such monuments were modified and
reinterpreted to suit the changing needs of society through a
series of detailed case studies.
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