"Morphine," writes Richard J. Miller, "is the most significant chemical substance mankind has ever encountered." So ancient that remains of poppies have been found in Neolithic tombs, it is the most effective drug ever discovered for treating pain. "Whatever advances are made in medicine," Miller adds, "nothing could really be more important than that." And yet, when it comes to mind-altering substances, morphine is only a cc or two in a vast river that flows through human civilization, ranging LSD to a morning cup of tea. In DRUGGED, Miller takes readers on an eye-opening tour of psychotropic drugs, describing the various kinds, how they were discovered and developed, and how they have played multiple roles in virtually every culture. The vast scope of chemicals that cross the blood-brain barrier boggle the very brain they reach: cannabis and cocaine, antipsychotics and antidepressants, alcohol, amphetamines, and Ecstasy-and much more. Literate and wide-ranging, Miller weaves together science and history, telling the story of the undercover theft of 20,000 tea plants from China by a British spy, for example, the European discovery of coffee and chocolate, and how James Wolfgang von Goethe, the famous man of letters, first isolated the alkaloid we now know as caffeine. Miller explains what scientists know-and don't-about the impact of each drug on the brain, down to the details of neurotransmitters and their receptors. He clarifies the differences between morphine and heroin, mescaline and LSD, and other similar substances. Drugged brims with surprises, revealing the fact that antidepressant drugs evolved from the rocket fuel that shot V2 rockets into London during World War II, highlighting the role of hallucinogens in the history of religion, and asking whether Prozac can help depressed cats. Entertaining and authoritative, Drugged is a truly fascinating book.

This book naturally follows on from Volume I, developing the mathematical foundations and physical applications of the relatively new subject known as Unity Root Matrix Theory (URMT). The mathematical advances extend URMT's new method of arbitrary vector embedding to two arbitrary vectors, in three or more dimensions, by way of a complete reformulation of URMT in terms of projection operators and exterior products. The similarity of the resulting matrix forms to those used in quaternions, rotations and electromagnetism enables URMT to extend its physical applications to angular dynamics and the electromagnetic plane wave. In particular, URMT's inherently discrete nature results in a treatment of quantised particle spin. Armed with a common mathematical formulation of physical applications as an eigenvector solution to a matrix operator, all generated in a language more recognisable to conventional mathematical physics, the path is now clear for closer future development of URMT to existing, and highly successful, physical theories.

This book presents an integer-based representation of the quark flavour model using the mathematics of Unity Root Matrix Theory (URMT). As per a conventional quark representation, the quarks are given by eigenvectors to matrix operators, with commutation relations amongst these operators being those of the symmetry groups SU(2), for an up and down quark isospin representation, and SU(3), for an additional strange quark. The URMT method of lifting then extends this to a full, six-quark model, SU(6). Unlike conventional physical theory, the work originates in the world of number theory and Diophantine equations, and is based upon the invariance of an eigenvector equation to parametric variation in the unity root matrix - its elements are unity (or primitive) roots. The quark eigenvectors are Pythagorean or hyperbolic in nature, and parametrically evolve in both the time and frequency domain, whilst keeping all their inner product relations invariant, i.e. the model possesses unitary properties equivalent to the special unitary groups SU(2) to SU(6). Following previous publications on recasting physics in the world of number-theory, URMT has shown, once again, that the physical world may well be reducible to a simpler scheme that dances to the tune of the integers.