Advances in engineering precision have tracked with technological progress for hundreds of years. Over the last few decades, precision engineering has been the specific focus of research on an international scale. The outcome of this effort has been the establishment of a broad range of engineering principles and techniques that form the foundation of precision design. Today's precision manufacturing machines and measuring instruments represent highly specialised processes that combine deterministic engineering with metrology. Spanning a broad range of technology applications, precision engineering principles frequently bring together scientific ideas drawn from mechanics, materials, optics, electronics, control, thermo-mechanics, dynamics, and software engineering. This book provides a collection of these principles in a single source. Each topic is presented at a level suitable for both undergraduate students and precision engineers in the field. Also included is a wealth of references and example problems to consolidate ideas, and help guide the interested reader to more advanced literature on specific implementations.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a fast-growing sector with the ability to evoke a revolution in manufacturing due to its almost unlimited design freedom and its capability to produce personalised parts locally and with efficient material use. AM companies, however, still face technological challenges such as limited precision due to shrinkage, built-in stresses and limited process stability and robustness. Moreover, often post-processing is needed due to high roughness and remaining porosity. Qualified, trained personnel are also in short supply. In recent years, there have been dramatic improvements in AM design methods, process control, post-processing, material properties and material range. However, if AM is going to gain a significant market share, it must be developed into a true precision manufacturing method. The production of precision parts relies on three principles: Production is robust (i.e. all sensitive parameters can be controlled). Production is predictable (for example, the shrinkage that occurs is acceptable because it can be predicted and compensated in the design). Parts are measurable (as without metrology, accuracy, repeatability and quality assurance cannot be known). AM of metals is inherently a high-energy process with many sensitive and inter-related process parameters, making it susceptible to thermal distortions, defects and process drift. The complete modelling of these processes is beyond current computational power, and novel methods are needed to practicably predict performance and inform design. In addition, metal AM produces highly textured surfaces and complex surface features that stretch the limits of contemporary metrology. With so many factors to consider, there is a significant shortage of background material on how to inject precision into AM processes. Shortage in such material is an important barrier for a wider uptake of advanced manufacturing technologies, and a comprehensive book is thus needed. This book aims to inform the reader how to improve the precision of metal AM processes by tackling the three principles of robustness, predictability and metrology, and by developing computer-aided engineering methods that empower rather than limit AM design. Richard Leach is a professor in metrology at the University of Nottingham and heads up the Manufacturing Metrology Team. Prior to this position, he was at the National Physical Laboratory from 1990 to 2014. His primary love is instrument building, from concept to final installation, and his current interests are the dimensional measurement of precision and additive manufactured structures. His research themes include the measurement of surface topography, the development of methods for measuring 3D structures, the development of methods for controlling large surfaces to high resolution in industrial applications and the traceability of X-ray computed tomography. He is a leader of several professional societies and a visiting professor at Loughborough University and the Harbin Institute of Technology. Simone Carmignato is a professor in manufacturing engineering at the University of Padua. His main research activities are in the areas of precision manufacturing, dimensional metrology and industrial computed tomography. He is the author of books and hundreds of scientific papers, and he is an active member of leading technical and scientific societies. He has been chairman, organiser and keynote speaker for several international conferences, and received national and international awards, including the Taylor Medal from CIRP, the International Academy for Production Engineering.

X-ray computed tomography has been used for several decades as a tool for measuring the three-dimensional geometry of the internal organs in medicine. However, in recent years, we have seen a move in manufacturing industries for the use of X-ray computed tomography; first to give qualitative information about the internal geometry and defects in a component, and more recently, as a fully-quantitative technique for dimensional and materials analysis. This trend is primarily due to the ability of X-ray computed tomography to give a high-density and multi-scale representation of both the external and internal geometry of a component, in a non-destructive, non-contact and relatively fast way. But, due to the complexity of X-ray computed tomography, there are remaining metrological issues to solve and the specification standards are still under development. This book will act as a one-stop-shop resource for students and users of X-ray computed tomography in both academia and industry. It presents the fundamental principles of the technique, detailed descriptions of the various components (hardware and software), current developments in calibration and performance verification and a wealth of example applications. The book will also highlight where there is still work to do, in the perspective that X-ray computed tomography will be an essential part of Industry 4.0.

The function of a component part can be profoundly affected by its surface topography. There are many examples in nature of surfaces that have a well-controlled topography to affect their function. Examples include the hydrophobic effect of the lotus leaf, the reduction of fluid drag due to the riblet structure of shark skin, the directional adhesion of the gecko foot and the angular sensitivity of the multi-faceted fly eye. Surface structuring is also being used extensively in modern manufacturing. In this way many properties can be altered, for example optical, tribological, biological and fluidic. Previously, single line (profile) measurements were adequate to control manufacture of surfaces, but as the need to control the functionality of surfaces increases, there is a growing need for three-dimensional (areal) measurement and characterisation techniques. For this reason there has been considerable research, development and standardisation of areal techniques. This book will present the areal framework that is being adopted by the international community. Whereas previous books have concentrated on the measurement aspects, this book  concentrates on the characterisation techniques, i.e. how to interpret the measurement data to give the appropriate (functional) information for a given task. The first part of the book presents the characterisation methods and the second part case studies that highlight the use of areal methods in a broad range of subject areas - from automobile manufacture to archaeology. Contents Introduction to Surface Topography The Areal Field Parameters The Areal Feature Parameters Areal Filtering Methods Areal Form Removal Areal Fractal Methods Choosing the Appropriate Parameter Characterisation of Individual Areal Features Multi-Scale Signature of Surface Topography Correlation of Areal Surface Texture Parameters to Solar Cell Efficiency Characterisation of Cylinder Liner Honing Textures for Production Control Characterisation of the Mechanical Bond Strength for Copper on Glass Plating Applications Inspection of Laser Structured Cams and Conrods Road Surfaces

The measurement and characterisation of surface topography is crucial to modern manufacturing industry. The control of areal surface structure allows a manufacturer to radically alter the functionality of a part. Examples include structuring to effect fluidics, optics, tribology, aerodynamics and biology. To control such manu facturing methods requires measurement strategies. There is now a large range of new optical techniques on the market, or being developed in academia, that can measure areal surface topography. Each method has its strong points and limitations. The book starts with introductory chapters on optical instruments, their common language, generic features and limitations, and their calibration. Each type of modern optical instrument is described (in a common format) by an expert in the field. The book is intended for both industrial and academic scientists and engineers, and will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

The measurement and characterisation of surface topography is crucial to modern manufacturing industry. The control of areal surface structure allows a manufacturer to radically alter the functionality of a part. Examples include structuring to effect fluidics, optics, tribology, aerodynamics and biology. To control such manu-facturing methods requires measurement strategies. There is now a large range of new optical techniques on the market, or being developed in academia, that can measure areal surface topography. Each method has its strong points and limitations. The book starts with introductory chapters on optical instruments, their common language, generic features and limitations, and their calibration. Each type of modern optical instrument is described (in a common format) by an expert in the field. The book is intended for both industrial and academic scientists and engineers, and will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

Advances in engineering precision have tracked with technological progress for hundreds of years. Over the last few decades, precision engineering has been the specific focus of research on an international scale. The outcome of this effort has been the establishment of a broad range of engineering principles and techniques that form the foundation of precision design. Today's precision manufacturing machines and measuring instruments represent highly specialised processes that combine deterministic engineering with metrology. Spanning a broad range of technology applications, precision engineering principles frequently bring together scientific ideas drawn from mechanics, materials, optics, electronics, control, thermo-mechanics, dynamics, and software engineering. This book provides a collection of these principles in a single source. Each topic is presented at a level suitable for both undergraduate students and precision engineers in the field. Also included is a wealth of references and example problems to consolidate ideas, and help guide the interested reader to more advanced literature on specific implementations.

Working at the nano-scale demands an understanding of the high-precision measurement techniques that make nanotechnology and advanced manufacturing possible. This new edition of "Fundamental Principles of Engineering Nanometrology" provides a road map and toolkit for metrologists engaging with the rigor of measurement and data analysis at the nano-scale, from the fundamentals of precision measurement, to different measurement and characterization techniques. This book is an essential guide for the emerging nanomanufacturing and nanofabrication sectors, where measurement and standardization requirements are paramount both in product specification and quality assurance.

Updated to cover new and emerging technologies, and recent developments in standards and regulatory frameworks, this second edition includes many new sections covering, for example, new technologies in scanning probe and e-beam microscopy (including DLS, NTA), recent developments in interferometry, and advances in co-ordinate metrology.
Demystifies nanometrology for a wide audience of engineers, scientists, and students involved in nanotech and advanced manufacturing applications and researchIntroduces metrologists to the specific techniques and equipment involved in measuring at the nano-scale or to nano-scale uncertaintyFully updated to cover the latest technological developments, standards, and regulations

Number Seven is selected poems from six poetry collections published between 2010 and 2017 by American poet and visual artist Richard Leach. The poems range from daily life to surreal humor and biblical allusion, in formal and free verse. Leach is also a Christian sacred poet whose words for hymns and anthems have been set to music by many composers, and are widely published and sung. He lives in Stamford, Connecticut.

Poet and visual artist Richard Leach calls this book an album, for the range of forms and themes it includes. Free verse, metered and rhymed verse, and blues lyrics are here; daily life, American politics, and surrealism ("Seven Jungles of Bells", for example) are here. 47 of the poems were written in 2017. Two more written earlier bookend the collection.

""I remember, I remember, how the garden used to be./We had everything we wanted, except for that one tree."" Those lines are from ""Adam's Blues,"" title piece and first entry in this collection. The book continues with poems on Adam and Eve in Eden and in the 21st century; a summer blockbuster superhero psalm (""Sheol my arch-nemesis/sent his minions after me/They trapped me in a death net/and hit me with a hydro-blast""); poems which travel from the Apostles' Creed to unexpected destinations (""They say I'm lucky/to be here in the Creed,"" says Pontius Pilate); and more. Humorous, thoughtful and poignant poems in rhyme or free verse. Richard Leach is a poet and visual artist in Stamford, Connecticut. His sacred poetry, words for hymns and anthems, has been set to music by many composers and is widely published and sung. Since 2009 he has written secular verse on many topics and in many forms.

The Song Itself collects poems that range from blues lyrics to surreal lists, from slices of life to flights of fancy, in rhyming as well as free verse. Most were written between January and July 2018. Richard Leach is an American poet and visual artist, whose visual art and secular poetry are shared online and in self-published books. He also writes Christian sacred poetry. His words for hymns and anthems have been set to music by many composers, and are widely published and sung. He lives in Stamford, Connecticut.

Richard Leach is a poet and visual artist from Stamford, Connecticut. This book presents 30 collages made on playing cards or playing card size cardboard (2.5 x 3.5 inches) between November, 2016 and July, 2017. They are reproduced here larger than life size. The media include ink, pencil, and glued paper.

This is a revision of a poem collection published in 2010 as The Big Conversation. Richard Leach is a poet and visual artist from Stamford, Connecticut. Since 1987 he has written sacred lyric poetry which has been widely published and sung as Christian hymns and anthems. In 2009 he shifted the direction of his work to secular poetry shared online, and in 2010 collected the first 16 months of that work in The Big Conversation. This re-titled edition has a new introduction, and twenty poems used in a later book with the photos that inspired them have been removed.

A Handful of Sparks collects 76 of the blues lyrics and similar verses Richard Leach has been writing since the early 2000s, selecting them from previous books which included other poetry forms. The title is from "Just Saying Blues," which has these lines: "I've got a handful of sparks, and a houseful of gasoline./I don't think you should ask me, 'What does burning mean?'"

Richard Leach is a poet and visual artist who lives in Stamford, Connecticut. This book presents 30 mixed media pieces made between between February 2015 and January 2017, reproduced at or near life size. Leach's work may be viewed online at richardleach.deviantart.com.

Richard Leach is a mixed media artist and poet living in Stamford, Connecticut. This book presents 36 small collages made in 2016, in a larger than life format.

"Listen to the liars who want to be president" is the first line of the first poem in this collection, from November 2015. "Worlds end and keep on ending/right outside your door" begins the last stanza of the book's last poem, written in March 2017. In between are additional cutting political poems, blues lyrics, slices of life, slanted takes on Bible passages, and a poem including 26 superheroes. Richard Leach is a poet and visual artist whose work appears online at richardleach.deviantart.com. This is his sixth self-published collection of poetry. Leach also writes Christian sacred poetry which has been widely published, set to music and sung as hymns and anthems. He lives in Stamford, Connecticut.

This is a collection of 37 poems inspired by the first part of the Chinese classic, "Tao Te Ching," attributed to Lao Tzu. They are very free, sometimes restating Lao Tzu's words and other times departing from them.

Richard Leach is a poet who began writing hymn and anthem texts in 1987, while serving as a pastor in New England. Since then his work has been widely published, in denominational hymnals, independent hymn collections and dozens of anthem settings. A Single Tongue comprises sacred poems, in both free and traditional forms, not in print elsewhere.

Richard Leach is a poet and collage artist whose work appears online at richardleach.deviantart.com. This book presents 44 poems written between August 2013 and September 2014. It includes blues, free verse, an abecedarium and a reverse abecedarium, on personal, political and surreal topics. Leach's Christian sacred poetry has been widely published and sung as hymns and anthems. He lives in Stamford, Connecticut.

Richard Leach is a poet and collage artist whose work appears online at richardleach.deviantart.com. This book presents 52 poems written between October 2011 and August 2013. The poems range in tone from humorous to bitingly political. Leach's Christian sacred poetry has been widely published and sung as hymns and anthems. He lives in Pike County, Pennsylvania.