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Describes the physical characteristics, life cycle, and behavior of
earthworms. Includes anatomy diagram and activity.
A new companion volume to the author's first workbook, this title
shows marketing professionals how to put together a successful
promotion campaign based on the most persuasive tool of all:
personal contact. It shows how to mobilize your entire
organization, staff, volunteers, and supporters in a focused,
one-to-one, marketing campaign, using complete, easy-to-follow
steps and worksheets, helpful for any size organization.
This volume describes work on the Iron Age hillfort of Lodge Hill
Camp, in Gwent, south-east Wales. Situated adjacent to the later
Roman legionary fortress at Caerleon, the hillfort has, until
recently, received little archaeological attention. Excavation was
undertaken during the summer of 2000 within the interior of the
hillfort, at its western entrance, and across the inner bank and
ditch of the defences. An extended discussion is offered of Lodge
Hills position within the regional Iron Age sequence, and of Roman
and early Medieval reuse of hillforts in south Wales. The results
of geophysical and earthwork survey at the hillfort of Llanmelin,
near Chepstow, are also reported on. Contents: 1) Introduction
(Joshua Pollard, Michael Hamilton & Neil Phillips); 2)
Excavation Results (Joshua Pollard, Adrian Chadwick & Lesley
McFadyen); 3) Artefactual Material Ironwork (Philip Macdonald);
Metalworking slags (Tim Young); Prehistoric pottery (Rick Peterson,
Joshua Pollard & Elaine Morris); Droitwich briquetage (Joshua
Pollard & Elaine Morris); Roman pottery (Ray Howell &
Joshua Pollard); Medieval pottery (Rick Peterson & Joshua
Pollard); Brick and tile (Joshua Pollard); Fired clay (Joshua
Pollard); Worked flint (Joshua Pollard); Other worked stone (Joshua
Pollard) ]; 4) Environmental Evidence (Ruth Young); 5) Discussion:
Lodge Hill Camp and the hillforts of Gwent (Joshua Pollard, Ray
Howell, Adrian Chadwick & Lesley McFadyen); 7) Appendix 1.
Llanmelin Hillfort, Caerwent: geophysical and earthwork survey
(Daryl Williams).
This work uses what is known about the Neolithic (4000-2400 BC)
pottery of Wales to create a history of the meaning and use of that
material. It is divided into two parts. In a thought-provoking and
original first section, the author deals with some aspects of the
history of archaeology, philosophy and science, and attempts to
draw these ideas together into a methodology suited to explaining
the pottery of Neolithic Wales. The second section employs this
methodology to tell the story of the pottery, studying examples
from Llugwy in Anglesey to Tinkinswood on the Glamorgan coast. The
work concludes with two detailed Appendices, tabling radiocarbon
evidence and a summary of pottery traditions.
The final publication of results of the excavations at Pontnewydd
cave in north-east Wales has been eagerly awaited. The site was
investigated as part of the Palaeolithic Settlement of Wales
Research Programme, which has been responsible for transforming
understanding of the nature of human settlement on the very margins
of Eurasia by early Neanderthals. The caves of the Elwy valley in
north-east Wales contain evidence of the earliest human occupation
of Wales. This monograph documents the results of 20 years of field
research. It describes the traces of occupation left around 225,000
years ago by people who were ancestors of the Neanderthals. These
include stone tools, animal bones and the remains of the people
themselves. The key cave site, Pontnewydd, is full of international
significance, producing artefacts and fauna associated with early
Neanderthal skeletal material, related to repeated occupations of
the cave around a quarter of a million years ago. Key issues
relating to gender and diet will be explored. Within the faunal
assemblage at Pontnewydd, as also within the potentially
contemporary assemblage from the nearby cave of Cefn, it is
possible to see interglacial elements which may date to MIS 7 or,
even, to the preceding interglacial cycle (MIS 9), fully 50 to
100,000 years earlier. The pointers here are the rhinoceros
Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis, a large horse Equus ferus, and the
leopard, Panthera pardus. None of these can be later than MIS 7 and
may even be of MIS 9 age. Moreover, the species of bear represented
at both Pontnewydd and Cefn is the cave bear ( Ursus spelaeus ) and
these seem to be replaced by brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) during
MIS 11 or 9. This inference of an early date for elements of the
Pontnewydd and Cefn faunas is borne out by the presence of macaque
at Cefn, a species not known in Britain after MIS 9. This
multi-authored monograph will place the Elwy valley caves within a
geological and archaeological context; allow a detailed publication
of research on the artefacts, fauna and hominid remains; and
provide a synthesis of how this work feeds back into understandings
of the Palaeolithic settlement on the edge of the then known world.
This is the first book-length treatment of Neolithic burial in
Britain to focus primarily on cave evidence. It interprets human
remains from forty-eight caves and compares them to what we know of
Neolithic collective burial elsewhere in Britain and Europe. It
reviews the archaeology of these cave burials and treats them as
important evidence for the study of mortuary practice. Drawing on
evidence from archaeology, anthropology, osteology and cave
science, the book demonstrates that cave burial was one of the
earliest elements of the British Neolithic. It also shows that
Early Neolithic cave-burial practice was highly varied, with many
similarities to other burial rites. However, by the Middle
Neolithic, a funerary practice which was specific to caves had
developed. -- .
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