This book analyzes the origins of marketing and branding strategies and the unique situations involving differentiation. Photographs of actual materials that were created and used in marketing campaigns between 1846-1946 are featured to bring to life these vintage innovations. Examining how and why these classic strategies were devised and implemented provides insight on how the vintage strategies can continue to be used to position products, services, and experiences within current market situations. Vintage Marketing Differentiation describes real life, innovative, outside-the-box solutions. It explains a marketing differentiation process and emphasizes the critical nature of the perception of trends and timely action. Profiles of over 30 companies and brands depict nearly 20 categories of the first marketing strategies ever to be used. These powerful strategies ignited competitive advantages and help explain why most of these companies are still in business today!

psychiatric treatment approaches there are opportunities for trial and error, exploration and reconsideration, revision of treatment approach, and correc tion of errors. Revisions and corrections are based on observations of pro gress and on response from patients about the impact of treatment efforts. But emergency interventions usually are one time efforts involving a sequence of evaluation, therapeutic intervention, and referral out. Response is limited or absent and there are no opportunities for corrections over time. Therefore, interventions and referrals must be made on the basis of first evaluations, with positive conviction related to current best effort and despite the lack of guidance derived from tracking the patient's progress over time. The staff must tolerate the risk-taking required, and must also be prepared to forego the gratification of seeing the beneficial results of the work done. Even in pro grams structured to allow return visits, and despite the occasional information provided by other agencies after referrals, the majority of patients are lost to follow up. The usefulness of specific interventions is hard to evaluate and the satisfaction of seeing a task completed is rarely available. The emergency program staff must tolerate a considerable amount of stress in the environment. Emergency care centers are collection points for an extraordinary volume of human suffering. The anxieties and strains asso ciated with persistent urgency of need, alarm related to unexpected difficul ties, fearfulness about outcome, closeness of death, and presence of pain pervade the atmosphere."

Phenomenology and Treatment of Alcoholism is the fourth in a series of texts on the major psychiatric disorders developed by the Department of Psychiatry at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. Like the previous three volumes on depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, this text the proceedings of a two day symposium conducted by Baylor. represents Psychiatrists and other physicians and scientists who have made major contributions to the field of study were invited to discuss important aspects of their work with a large group of other medical professionals. Questions of definition, diagnosis, and clinical management were addressed with a degree of specificity and detail not normally found in general psychiatric texts nor in books presenting an individual outlook or treatment approach. More than most other psychiatric ailments, alcoholism generates considerable interest among the general medical profession. Psychosis and affective disorders are clearly and specifically within the province of the psychiatrist. Neurotic disorders are often treated by the primary care practitioner in their more moderate manifestations, but by psychiatrists when they reach their most malignant stages. Alcoholism, on the other hand, is confronted by virtually every medical practitioner, whether generalist or specialist. Alcoholism is among the most prevalent and difficult disorders afflicting human beings. It may exist discretely, as a precipitant, or as a complication of other major diseases, intruding upon virtually every physiological and psychological symptom complex.

The interrelationships between somatic and psychiatric complaints involve virtually every major organ system and every psychiatric diagnostic category. Psychiatric distress frequently finds expression in physical ailment or pain, and chronic physical illness or disability is a common exacerbant of psychiatric symptoms. The complexity of the interplay between psychological and physiological disease is profound, and many of the mechanisms involved remain undefined or imperfectly understood. Our intention in assembling this volume, the fifth in the Baylor Psychiatry Series, has been to consolidate the most recent medical and psychiatric opinion on the description and treatment of psychophysiological disorders. We have included reviews and new material on disorders long understood to be in the psychophysiological realm, such as gastrointestinal disease, pulmonary reactions, headache, and hypertension. Additionally, there are contributions on conditions less frequently, but no less clearly, recognized as psychophysiological or psychosomatic, including immune response deficits, epilepsy, stuttering, and sleep disorders. Chapters on Couvade syndrome, menstrually related mood disturbance, obesity, keratoconus, and anorexia nervosa examine the degree to which psychological and physical events interact in conditions usually considered attributable essentially to a single system. Drs. Dowling and Gaitz have written excellent reviews of developmental elements in psychophysiological events, and examine such disorders as they are specific to the very young or the very old. Treatment approaches to the variety of disorders are discussed in chapters by Dr. Decker, who describes multifaceted modalities, Dr. Lomax, who examines psychotherapeutic techniques, and in a final chapter on psychopharmacological mitigation of psychophysiological syndromes.

This is the sixth in a series of volumes sponsored by the Department of Psychiatry of Baylor College of Medicine, each reviewing one broad category of psychiatric disorders. Earlier conferences have focused on well-established psychiatric categories such as depression, schizophrenia, and alcoholism. Psychosexual disorders are usually considered as a subgroup of psychiatric dis orders, and form one of the major categories of the DSM -III Classification of Mental Disorders. However, psychosexual disorders are also of concern to all physicians and clinicians, working in virtually every field of medicine. The whole area of human sexuality has been characterized by rapid advances during the last few decades. Notable contributions have been from psychoan alysis, from the work of Kinsey and associates, and particularly from the work of Masters and Johnson, which has led to new stress on psychosexual dysfunc tions, in addition to the earlier interest in paraphilias, gender identity disorders, etc. Still later there has been increasing emphasis on disorders of sexual desire."

A Survey Of The History, Culture, And Foreign Relations Of The Maghrib And Its Importance To The United States And The Western World.

A Survey Of The History, Culture, And Foreign Relations Of The Maghrib And Its Importance To The United States And The Western World.

This book, The History of Black Psychologists: Profiles of Outstanding Black Psychologists is about the origins and development of African/Black psychology. It is essentially a sequel to Robert Guthrie's book Even the Rat Was White: a historical view of psychology (1976). Whereas Guthrie's book contains the history of early Black Psychologists (as Drs. Francis Cecil Sumner, Kenneth Clark, and Martin Jenkins to name a few) from 1920 to 1950, this book contains valuable information from the 60's through 2000 about why, where, and when the Association of Black Psychologists (ABPsi) was organized and developed. In addition, the book includes the autobiographical and biographical profiles of the lives, achievements and contributions of nearly 50 outstanding Black psychologists. There are many hard working, dedicated, and educated black men and women professionals whose success stories have not been told. Although their peers and colleagues respect many of these professionals, only a select few have been reported as "outstanding." What is it, then, that qualifies one as being exceptional, above the ordinary and outstanding? It is hard to define in terms of human traits and accomplishments. What is easier is to provide examples rather than explanations of what it means to be outstanding. Such individuals who exemplify the definition of outstanding are many unknown Black Psychologists. This book will present some of these Scholar Activists. It is apparent that the majority of the Black psychologists made it against the odds. Many of these psychologists were born in southern states and had to migrate to northern states to receive a graduate education. For Black achievement is invariably atriumph over odds, a victory over struggle. In order to receive graduate education these psychologists report how they had to overcome the destructive effects of racism. Frequently, they were the only Black students in the graduate program. But they still made

When I began working on this story I had a specific goal in mind-I wanted to give my grandchildren some sense of the kind of person my father was. He was encouraging, he was knowledgeable, he was helpful and he was a good listener. He was such a big influence on me but he did not live long enough to ever see my grandchildren. I was afraid the only thing they would ever know of him was a name on a marker in a cemetery so I thought I should put together some of my memories of Lee Williams.

Alas, as I organized my ideas I ran into a problem. I couldn't write about Dad and my teen-age years without telling of my teen-age romances. I didn't want to hurt anybody's feelings so I had to alter some stories and craft new ones. And once the stories became fiction this story literally began to re-write the past. When the world of fantasy is found to be so much more pleasurable than the real world what is wrong with enjoying our dreams for a little while?

Racism Learned at an Early Age Through Racial Scripting This book is about the process by which white children acquire racist attitudes. More specifically, it is a book about what white parents, relatives, media, schools and religious organizations teach children about African Americans. The main thesis of the book is racist attitudes are taught (and learned) at an early age through a process known as "racial scripting." A Racial script is a series of programmed stereotypes and myths about a racial or ethnic group other than one's own. After a racial script is learned, it can then be activated upon the appearance of race-specific stimuli in the environment. Racial scripts guide the mind's eye in deciding what to perceive and what not to perceive. They work backstage, but may be activated and "pop into consciousness." Scripts determine "see this and not that," that is, scripts determine not only what we will notice, but what we do not notice. An activated racial script dominates awareness. The scripts may be positive and influence accurate perceptions; they may be negative and pre-dispose one to false perceptions; they may be neutral and dispose one to unbiased perceptions or they may be mixed and influence ambivalent perceptions. A racial script results from an early identification process by the immature child in which he/she adopts the parents' (the primary group) behaviors (scripts) and align his/her behavior with the realities of the home situation. The family is the basic institution through which children learn the fundamentals of life and parents are the primary agents of socialization. They define the child's world. They teach the "three R's (reading, writing and arithmetic). But, in addition to teaching children "the three R's" there is also another instructional system taught to young children called the fourth "R" or RACISM.

The permanent establishment (PE) concept is a threshold issue which must be confronted and addressed by virtually every enterprise seeking to conduct trading activities in one or more countries other than its home country. Whether or not an enterprise has a 'permanent establishment' in a country defines whether its trading income can be taxed or is exempt under a network of over 1,000 bilateral income tax treaties and some local laws. Today, the interaction of rapidly changing rules, increased enforcement, and evolving business operations creates a challenging environment for tax directors of global businesses who must understand and manage their company's PE risks. This updated and expanded second edition of a concise guide that has been a key reference for decades - formerly titled Permanent Establishments: A Planning Primer - provides lucid insight into business structuring and the related tax considerations. Completely updated and expanded, it remains the only practical introductory book on PE available. It covers all important aspects of fixed place of business and dependent agency types of permanent establishment, as well as the exceptions for independent agents, permitted ancillary activities, and parent - subsidiary relationships. It provides commentary on applicable rules and discusses regulations and case law from multiple jurisdictions. Notable features of the new edition include the following: entirely new chapters on e-commerce, supply chain and contract manufacturing structures, and service PEs; thorough updating of model treaty changes and PE rulings globally; and impact of new developments in mineral extraction, real estate leasing, and construction management. The second edition identifies key PE rulings not only in OECD countries, but also in the emerging BRIC countries. The text integrates conceptual analyses and technical discussion with relevant tax planning considerations, appropriately highlighted or diagrammed. Concisely written, easily readable and topically organized for quick reference, this book will be of interest to all international tax planners, lawyers, accountants, multinational CFOs, executives and others whose role involves the structure and operations of international trading or commercial presence.