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Over the last ten years, much effort has been devoted to improving
the biophysical techniques used in the study of viruses. This has
resulted in the visualization of these large macromolecular
assemblages at atomic level, thus providing the platform for
functional interpretation and therapeutic design. Structural
Virology covers a wide range of topics and is split into three
sections. The first discusses the vast biophysical methodologies
used in structural virology, including sample production and
purification, confocal microscopy, mass spectrometry,
negative-stain and cryo-electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography
and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The second discusses
the role of virus capsid protein structures in determining the
functional roles required for receptor recognition, cellular entry,
capsid assembly, genome packaging and mechanisms of host immune
system evasion. The last section discusses therapeutic strategies
based on virus protein structures, including the design of
antiviral drugs and the development of viral capsids as vehicles
for foreign gene delivery. Each topic covered will begin with a
review of the current literature followed by a more detailed
discussion of experimental procedures, a step in the viral life
cycle, or strategies for therapeutic development. With
contributions from experts in the field of structural biology and
virology this exceptional monograph will appeal to biomedical
scientists involved in basic and /or applied research on viruses.
It also provides up-to-date reference material for students
entering the field of structural virology as well as scientists
already familiar with the area.
The study of carbonic anhydrase has spanned multiple generations of
scientists. Carbonic anhydrase was first discovered in 1932 by
Meldrum and Roughton. Inhibition by sulfanilamide was shown in 1940
by Mann and Keilin. Even Hans Krebs contributed to early studies
with a paper in 1948 showing the relationship of 25 different
sulfonamides to CA inhibition. It was he who pointed out the
importance of both the charged and uncharged character of these
compounds for physiological experiments. The field of study that
focuses on carbonic anhydrase (CA) has exploded in recent years
with the identification of new families and isoforms. The CAs are
metalloenzymes which are comprised of 5 structurally different
families: the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and epsilon classes.
The alpha class is found primarily in animals with several isoforms
associated with human disease. The beta CAs are expressed primarily
in plants and are the most divergent. The gamma CAs are the most
ancient. These are structurally related to the beta CAs, but have a
mechanism more similar to the alpha CAs. The delta CAs are found in
marine algae and diflagellates. The epsilon class is found in
prokaryotes in which it is part of the carboxysome shell perhaps
supplying RuBisCO with CO2 for carbon fixation. With the excitement
surrounding the discovery of disease-related CAs, scientists have
redoubled their efforts to better understand structure-function
relationships, to design high affinity, isotype-specific
inhibitors, and to delineate signaling systems that play regulatory
roles over expression and activity. We have designed the book to
cover basic information of mechanism, structure, and function of
the CA families. The authors included in this book bring to light
the newest data with regard to the role of CA in physiology and
pathology, across phylums, and in unique environmental niches.
The study of carbonic anhydrase has spanned multiple generations of
scientists. Carbonic anhydrase was first discovered in 1932 by
Meldrum and Roughton. Inhibition by sulfanilamide was shown in 1940
by Mann and Keilin. Even Hans Krebs contributed to early studies
with a paper in 1948 showing the relationship of 25 different
sulfonamides to CA inhibition. It was he who pointed out the
importance of both the charged and uncharged character of these
compounds for physiological experiments. The field of study that
focuses on carbonic anhydrase (CA) has exploded in recent years
with the identification of new families and isoforms. The CAs are
metalloenzymes which are comprised of 5 structurally different
families: the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta, and epsilon classes.
The alpha class is found primarily in animals with several isoforms
associated with human disease. The beta CAs are expressed primarily
in plants and are the most divergent. The gamma CAs are the most
ancient. These are structurally related to the beta CAs, but have a
mechanism more similar to the alpha CAs. The delta CAs are found in
marine algae and diflagellates. The epsilon class is found in
prokaryotes in which it is part of the carboxysome shell perhaps
supplying RuBisCO with CO2 for carbon fixation. With the excitement
surrounding the discovery of disease-related CAs, scientists have
redoubled their efforts to better understand structure-function
relationships, to design high affinity, isotype-specific
inhibitors, and to delineate signaling systems that play regulatory
roles over expression and activity. We have designed the book to
cover basic information of mechanism, structure, and function of
the CA families. The authors included in this book bring to light
the newest data with regard to the role of CA in physiology and
pathology, across phylums, and in unique environmental niches.
Praise for Dying to Lead "Every Christian who is in a position of
leadership needs to read this book Rob McKenna is a stellar
researcher who has the unusual knack of being able to communicate
his findings in ways that are not only understandable, but engaging
and motivating. In my opinion, you run the risk of being dead in
the water if you don't read Dying to Lead." -Les Parrott, Ph.D.,
Founder of RealRelationships.com and Author of Trading Places "The
heart felt cry of every Christian leader I know is to somehow move
their organization to a level of excellence on a scale that can
only be measured in a kingdom scale and economy. Rob McKenna's work
provides important language and thinking which advances leadership
in new and important ways." -Steven G.W. Moore, Executive Director,
The M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust Leaders are visionaries. Leaders
are servants. Leaders create results. And says, Rob McKenna,
leaders sacrifice. Far too often, sacrifice is missing from our
thinking. This book - with its emphasis upon real-life vignettes,
biblical insight and personal reflection - redirects us back to the
center of true Christian leadership. -Alec Hill, President,
Intervarsity Christian Fellowship "I'll say right now that I was
deeply moved from reading Dying to Lead, and that I've never read
anything quite like it. It is written from the heart, and is both
challenging to managers and practical at the same time. Dying to
Lead is an important book for managers." -Susan Arnold, Manager,
Starbucks Coffee Company Dr. Robert McKenna is Chair of the
Department of Industrial/Organizational Psychology at Seattle
Pacific University and President of McKenna & Associates. His
mission is building character, competence, and calling in today's
emerging leaders. He lives in Kirkland, Washington with his wife
Jackie and their sons, Aidan and Ryan. For more information got to
www.dyingtolead.com
Praise for Dying to Lead "Every Christian who is in a position of
leadership needs to read this book Rob McKenna is a stellar
researcher who has the unusual knack of being able to communicate
his findings in ways that are not only understandable, but engaging
and motivating. In my opinion, you run the risk of being dead in
the water if you don't read Dying to Lead." -Les Parrott, Ph.D.,
Founder of RealRelationships.com and Author of Trading Places "The
heart felt cry of every Christian leader I know is to somehow move
their organization to a level of excellence on a scale that can
only be measured in a kingdom scale and economy. Rob McKenna's work
provides important language and thinking which advances leadership
in new and important ways." -Steven G.W. Moore, Executive Director,
The M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust Leaders are visionaries. Leaders
are servants. Leaders create results. And says, Rob McKenna,
leaders sacrifice. Far too often, sacrifice is missing from our
thinking. This book - with its emphasis upon real-life vignettes,
biblical insight and personal reflection - redirects us back to the
center of true Christian leadership. -Alec Hill, President,
Intervarsity Christian Fellowship "I'll say right now that I was
deeply moved from reading Dying to Lead, and that I've never read
anything quite like it. It is written from the heart, and is both
challenging to managers and practical at the same time. Dying to
Lead is an important book for managers." -Susan Arnold, Manager,
Starbucks Coffee Company Dr. Robert McKenna is Chair of the
Department of Industrial/Organizational Psychology at Seattle
Pacific University and President of McKenna & Associates. His
mission is building character, competence, and calling in today's
emerging leaders. He lives in Kirkland, Washington with his wife
Jackie and their sons, Aidan and Ryan. For more information got to
www.dyingtolead.com
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