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This volume investigates our ability to capture, and then apply,
expertise. In recent years, expertise has come to be regarded as an
increasingly valuable and surprisingly elusive resource. Experts,
who were the sole active dispensers of certain kinds of knowledge
in the days before AI, have themselves become the objects of
empirical inquiry, in which their knowledge is elicited and studied
-- by knowledge engineers, experimental psychologists, applied
psychologists, or other experts -- involved in the development of
expert systems. This book achieves a marriage between
experimentalists, applied scientists, and theoreticians who deal
with expertise. It envisions the benefits to society of an advanced
technology for capturing and disseminating the knowledge and skills
of the best corporate managers, the most seasoned pilots, and the
most renowned medical diagnosticians. This book should be of
interest to psychologists as well as to knowledge engineers who are
"out in the trenches" developing expert systems, and anyone
pondering the nature of expertise and the question of how it can be
elicited and studied scientifically. The book's scope and the
pivotal concepts that it elucidates and appraises, as well as the
extensive categorized bibliographies it includes, make this volume
a landmark in the field of expert systems and AI as well as the
field of applied experimental psychology.
This volume is a festschrift dedicated to James J. Jenkins, a
pioneer in many areas of experimental psychology. It has three
major goals: to provide a forum for debate on current theoretical
issues in cognitive psychology, to capture the "state of the art"
in reviews of research methods and results, and to generate ideas
for new research directions and methodologies. Contributors --
including Jenkins' former students and present colleagues -- ponder
fundamental questions such as:
* How do people learn to read?
* What happens during the processes of speech perception?
* How do people acquire problem solving skills?
* How do cognitive and motor skills develop and integrate with one
another?
Many chapters focus specifically on ecological and applied
cognitive psychology. Specific topics covered include visual and
speech perception, language, memory, motivation, child development,
problem solving, and pedagogy.
Originally published in 1980, this is a book about the psychology
of figurative language. It is however, eclectic and therefore
should be of interest to professionals and students in education,
linguistics, philosophy, sociolinguistics, and other concerned with
meaning and cognition. The editors felt there was a pressing need
to bring together the growing empirical efforts of this topic. In a
sense, recognition of the theoretical importance of figurative
language symbolized the transition from the psycholinguistics of
the 1960s to that of the late 1970s, that is from a linguistic
semantics to a more comprehensive psychological semantics with a
healthy respect for context, inference, world knowledge, and above
all creative imagination. The organization of the volume reflects
the more basic, general concerns with cognition - from historical
and philosophical background, through problems of mental
representation and semantic theory, to developmental trends, and to
applications in problem solving.
Speed in acquiring the knowledge and skills to perform tasks is
crucial. Yet, it still ordinarily takes many years to achieve high
proficiency in countless jobs and professions, in government,
business, industry, and throughout the private sector. There would
be great advantages if regimens of training could be established
that could accelerate the achievement of high levels of
proficiency. This book discusses the construct of 'accelerated
learning.' It includes a review of the research literature on
learning acquisition and retention, focus on establishing what
works, and why. This includes several demonstrations of accelerated
learning, with specific ideas, plans and roadmaps for doing so. The
impetus for the book was a tasking from the Defense Science and
Technology Advisory Group, which is the top level Science and
Technology policy-making panel in the Department of Defense.
However, the book uses both military and non-military exemplar case
studies. It is likely that methods for acceleration will leverage
technologies and capabilities including virtual training,
cross-training, training across strategic and tactical levels, and
training for resilience and adaptivity. This volume provides a
wealth of information and guidance for those interested in the
concept or phenomenon of "accelerating learning"- in education,
training, psychology, academia in general, government, military, or
industry.
No matter how advanced the technology, there is always the human
factor involved - the power behind the technology. Interpreting
Remote Sensing Imagery: Human Factors draws together leading
psychologists, remote sensing scientists, and government and
industry scientists to consider the factors involved in expertise
and perceptual skill. This book covers the cognitive issues of
learning, perception, and expertise, the applied issues of display
design, interface design, software design, and mental workload
issues, and the practitioner's issues of workstation design, human
performance, and training. It tackles the intangibles of data
interpretation, based on information from experts who do the job.
You will learn: Information and perception What do experts perceive
in remote sensing and cartographic displays? Reasoning and
perception How do experts "see through" the data display to
understand its meaning and significance? Human-computer interaction
How do experts work with their displays and what happens when the
"fiddle" with them? Learning and training What are the milestones
in training development from novice to expert image interpreter?
Interpreting Remote Sensing Imagery: Human Factors breaks down the
mystery of what experts do when they interpret data, how they
learn, and what individual factors speed or impede training. Even
more importantly, it gives you the tools to train efficiently and
understand how the human factor impacts data interpretation.
Researchers have revealed that real expertise, while applied to
well-defined tasks with highly circumscribed contexts, often
stretches beyond its routine boundaries. For example, a medical
doctor may be called upon to diagnose a rare disease or perform
emergency surgery outside his or her area of specialization because
other experts are not available. Moreover, in some cases, the
context for expertise is in a constant state of flux, such that no
one case is identical. "Expertise Out of Context "is a culmination
of some of the most insightful studies conducted by researchers in
the fields of cognitive systems engineering and naturalistic
decision making in the effort to better understand expertise and
its development.
Born out of the Sixth International Conference on Naturalistic
Decision Making, a conference that gathers researchers who study
cognition, perception, and reasoning outside of the traditional
laboratory, this book is organized in five parts, the first of
which provides an overview of the topic and presents varied
perspectives. Consequent sections cover how to make sense of
things, tools for thinking out of context, how to cope with
uncertainty in a changing workplace, and teams operating out of
context.
As researchers in naturalistic decision making have investigated
such areas as the knowledge and decision-making skills of expert
firefighters, critical care nurses, military commanders, and
aircraft pilots, this volume is of importance to an expansive
audience, including individuals in business, government, industry,
and society at large.
Originally published in 1980, this is a book about the psychology
of figurative language. It is however, eclectic and therefore
should be of interest to professionals and students in education,
linguistics, philosophy, sociolinguistics, and other concerned with
meaning and cognition. The editors felt there was a pressing need
to bring together the growing empirical efforts of this topic. In a
sense, recognition of the theoretical importance of figurative
language symbolized the transition from the psycholinguistics of
the 1960s to that of the late 1970s, that is from a linguistic
semantics to a more comprehensive psychological semantics with a
healthy respect for context, inference, world knowledge, and above
all creative imagination. The organization of the volume reflects
the more basic, general concerns with cognition - from historical
and philosophical background, through problems of mental
representation and semantic theory, to developmental trends, and to
applications in problem solving.
This volume provides an exceptional perspective on the nature,
evolution, contributions and future of the field of Cognitive
Systems Engineering (CSE). It is a resource to support both the
teaching and practice of CSE. It accomplishes this through its
organization into two complementary approaches to the topic. The
first is an historical perspective: In the retrospections of
leaders of the field, what have been the seminal achievements of
cognitive human factors? What are the "lessons learned" that became
foundational to CSE, and how did that foundation evolve into a
broader systems view of cognitive work? The second perspective is
both pedagogical and future-looking: What are the major conceptual
issues that have to be addressed by CSE and how can a new
generation of researchers be prepared to further advance CSE?
Topics include studies of expertise, cognitive work analysis,
cognitive task analysis, human performance, system design,
cognitive modeling, decision making, human-computer interaction,
trust in automation, teamwork and ecological interface design. A
thematic focus will be on systems-level analysis, and such notions
as resilience engineering and systems-level measurement. The book
features broad coverage of many of the domains to which CSE is
being applied, among them industrial process control, health care,
decision aiding and aviation human factors. The book's
contributions are provided by an extraordinary group of leaders and
pathfinders in applied psychology, cognitive science, systems
analysis and system design. In combination these chapters present
invaluable insights, experiences and continuing uncertainties on
the subject of the field of CSE, and in doing so honor the career
and achievements of Professor David D. Woods of Ohio State
University.
This volume investigates our ability to capture, and then apply,
expertise. In recent years, expertise has come to be regarded as an
increasingly valuable and surprisingly elusive resource. Experts,
who were the sole active dispensers of certain kinds of knowledge
in the days before AI, have themselves become the objects of
empirical inquiry, in which their knowledge is elicited and studied
-- by knowledge engineers, experimental psychologists, applied
psychologists, or other experts -- involved in the development of
expert systems. This book achieves a marriage between
experimentalists, applied scientists, and theoreticians who deal
with expertise. It envisions the benefits to society of an advanced
technology for capturing and disseminating the knowledge and skills
of the best corporate managers, the most seasoned pilots, and the
most renowned medical diagnosticians. This book should be of
interest to psychologists as well as to knowledge engineers who are
"out in the trenches" developing expert systems, and anyone
pondering the nature of expertise and the question of how it can be
elicited and studied scientifically. The book's scope and the
pivotal concepts that it elucidates and appraises, as well as the
extensive categorized bibliographies it includes, make this volume
a landmark in the field of expert systems and AI as well as the
field of applied experimental psychology.
This volume is a festschrift dedicated to James J. Jenkins, a
pioneer in many areas of experimental psychology. It has three
major goals: to provide a forum for debate on current theoretical
issues in cognitive psychology, to capture the "state of the art"
in reviews of research methods and results, and to generate ideas
for new research directions and methodologies. Contributors --
including Jenkins' former students and present colleagues -- ponder
fundamental questions such as:
* How do people learn to read?
* What happens during the processes of speech perception?
* How do people acquire problem solving skills?
* How do cognitive and motor skills develop and integrate with one
another?
Many chapters focus specifically on ecological and applied
cognitive psychology. Specific topics covered include visual and
speech perception, language, memory, motivation, child development,
problem solving, and pedagogy.
This volume provides an exceptional perspective on the nature,
evolution, contributions and future of the field of Cognitive
Systems Engineering (CSE). It is a resource to support both the
teaching and practice of CSE. It accomplishes this through its
organization into two complementary approaches to the topic. The
first is an historical perspective: In the retrospections of
leaders of the field, what have been the seminal achievements of
cognitive human factors? What are the "lessons learned" that became
foundational to CSE, and how did that foundation evolve into a
broader systems view of cognitive work? The second perspective is
both pedagogical and future-looking: What are the major conceptual
issues that have to be addressed by CSE and how can a new
generation of researchers be prepared to further advance CSE?
Topics include studies of expertise, cognitive work analysis,
cognitive task analysis, human performance, system design,
cognitive modeling, decision making, human-computer interaction,
trust in automation, teamwork and ecological interface design. A
thematic focus will be on systems-level analysis, and such notions
as resilience engineering and systems-level measurement. The book
features broad coverage of many of the domains to which CSE is
being applied, among them industrial process control, health care,
decision aiding and aviation human factors. The book's
contributions are provided by an extraordinary group of leaders and
pathfinders in applied psychology, cognitive science, systems
analysis and system design. In combination these chapters present
invaluable insights, experiences and continuing uncertainties on
the subject of the field of CSE, and in doing so honor the career
and achievements of Professor David D. Woods of Ohio State
University.
Experts, who were the sole active dispensers of certain kinds of
knowledge in the days before AI, have now often assumed a rather
passive role. They relay their knowledge to various novices,
knowledge engineers, experimental psychologists or cognitivists -
or other experts! - involved in the development and understanding
of expert systems. This book achieves a perfect marriage between
experimentalists and theoreticians who deal with expertise. It
tries to establish the benefits to society of an advanced
technology for representing and disseminating the knowledge and
skills of the best corporate managers, the most seasoned pilots,
and the most renowned medical diagnosticians. This book interests
psychologists as well as all those out in the trenches developing
expert systems, and everyone pondering the nature of expertise and
the question of how it can be studied scientifically. Its scope,
the pivotal concepts which it elucidates and brilliantly summarizes
and appraises in the final chapter, as well as the references it
includes, make this book a landmark in the field.
The expanding application of Concept Mapping includes its role in
knowledge elicitation, institutional memory preservation, and
ideation. With the advent of the CmapTools knowledge modeling
software kit, Concept Mapping is being applied with increased
frequency and success to address a variety of problems in the
workplace. Supported by business application case studies, Applied
Concept Mapping: Capturing, Analyzing, and Organizing Knowledge
offers an accessible introduction to the theory, methods, and
application of Concept Mapping in business and government. The case
studies illustrate applications across a range of
industries--including engineering, product development, defense,
and healthcare. The authors provide access to a free download of
CmapTools, courtesy of the Institute for Human and Machine
Cognition, to enable readers to create and share their own Concept
Maps. Offering examples from the United States, Canada, Australia,
Spain, Brazil, Scotland, and The Netherlands, they highlight a
global perspective of this dynamic tool. The text is organized into
three sections: 1. Practitioners' Views--supplies narratives,
guidance, and reviews of applications from career Concept Mappers
2. Recent Case Studies and Results--presents in-depth examinations
of specific applications and their results 3. Pushing the
Boundaries--explores what's possible and where the boundary
conditions lie Applied Concept Mapping facilitates the fundamental
understanding needed to harness the power of Concept Mapping to
develop viable solutions to a virtually unlimited number of
real-world problems.
Human factors play a critical role in the design and interpretation
of remotely sensed imagery for all Earth sciences. Remote Sensing
and Cognition: Human Factors in Image Interpretation brings
together current topics widely recognized and addressed regarding
human cognition in geographic imagery, especially remote sensing
imagery with complex data. It addresses themes around expertise
including methods for knowledge elicitation and modeling of
expertise, the effects of different aspects of realism on the
interpretation of the environment, spatial learning using imagery,
the effect of visual perspective on interpretation, and a variety
of technologies and methods for utilizing knowledge in the analysis
of remote sensing imagery. Written by leaders in the field, this
book provides answers to the host of questions raised at the nexus
of psychology and remote sensing. Academics and researchers with an
interest in the human issues surrounding the use of remote sensing
data will find this book to be an invaluable resource. The topics
covered in this book are useful for both the scientific analysis of
remote sensing imagery as well as the design and display of remote
sensing imagery to facilitate a variety of other tasks including
education and wayfinding. Features Brings together remote sensing,
environmental, and computer scientists discussing their work from a
psychological or human factors perspective Answers questions
related to aesthetics of scientific visualization and mathematical
analysis of perceptible objects Explains the perception and
interpretation of realistic representations Provides illustrative
real-world examples Shows how the features of display symbols,
elements, and patterns have clear effects on processes of
perception and visual search
Speed in acquiring the knowledge and skills to perform tasks is
crucial. Yet, it still ordinarily takes many years to achieve high
proficiency in countless jobs and professions, in government,
business, industry, and throughout the private sector. There would
be great advantages if regimens of training could be established
that could accelerate the achievement of high levels of
proficiency. This book discusses the construct of 'accelerated
learning.' It includes a review of the research literature on
learning acquisition and retention, focus on establishing what
works, and why. This includes several demonstrations of accelerated
learning, with specific ideas, plans and roadmaps for doing so. The
impetus for the book was a tasking from the Defense Science and
Technology Advisory Group, which is the top level Science and
Technology policy-making panel in the Department of Defense.
However, the book uses both military and non-military exemplar case
studies. It is likely that methods for acceleration will leverage
technologies and capabilities including virtual training,
cross-training, training across strategic and tactical levels, and
training for resilience and adaptivity. This volume provides a
wealth of information and guidance for those interested in the
concept or phenomenon of "accelerating learning"- in education,
training, psychology, academia in general, government, military, or
industry.
Human factors play a critical role in the design and interpretation
of remotely sensed imagery for all Earth sciences. Remote Sensing
and Cognition: Human Factors in Image Interpretation brings
together current topics widely recognized and addressed regarding
human cognition in geographic imagery, especially remote sensing
imagery with complex data. It addresses themes around expertise
including methods for knowledge elicitation and modeling of
expertise, the effects of different aspects of realism on the
interpretation of the environment, spatial learning using imagery,
the effect of visual perspective on interpretation, and a variety
of technologies and methods for utilizing knowledge in the analysis
of remote sensing imagery. Written by leaders in the field, this
book provides answers to the host of questions raised at the nexus
of psychology and remote sensing. Academics and researchers with an
interest in the human issues surrounding the use of remote sensing
data will find this book to be an invaluable resource. The topics
covered in this book are useful for both the scientific analysis of
remote sensing imagery as well as the design and display of remote
sensing imagery to facilitate a variety of other tasks including
education and wayfinding. Features Brings together remote sensing,
environmental, and computer scientists discussing their work from a
psychological or human factors perspective Answers questions
related to aesthetics of scientific visualization and mathematical
analysis of perceptible objects Explains the perception and
interpretation of realistic representations Provides illustrative
real-world examples Shows how the features of display symbols,
elements, and patterns have clear effects on processes of
perception and visual search
This volume is the first comprehensive history of task analysis,
charting its origins from the earliest applied psychology through
to modern forms of task analysis that focus on the study of
cognitive work. Through this detailed historical analysis, it is
made apparent how task analysis has always been cognitive. Chapters
cover the histories, key ideas, and contributions to methodology of
a number of communities of practice, including: Sociotechnics,
European Work Analysis, Naturalistic Decision Making, Cognitive
Systems Engineering, Ethnography, Human Factors. Further,
integrative chapters focus on the purposes of cognitive task
analysis. It is shown how all the various communities of practice
are living in the same scientific universe, though are in many ways
distinctive in terms of their key concerns and main theories. It is
a historiography of task analysis, and the people who invented task
analysis. It is also an explanatory primer on what cognitive task
analysis is all about and what it can do. Perspectives on Cognitive
Task Analyis will be of value to professionals in allied
disciplines who might come to rely on cognitive task analysis in
their system development programs. It will be invaluable to
students who need to know what task analysis and cognitive task
analysis are really all about. For practitioners of cognitive task
analysis, this volume is a major presentation of what their
scientific universe is all about.
In this updated and expanded edition of The Cambridge Handbook of
Expertise and Expert Performance, some of the world's foremost
experts on expertise share their scientific knowledge of expertise
and expert performance and show how experts may differ from
non-experts in terms of development, training, reasoning,
knowledge, and social support. The book reviews innovative methods
for measuring experts' knowledge and performance in relevant tasks.
Sixteen major domains of expertise are covered, including sports,
music, medicine, business, writing, and drawing, with leading
researchers summarizing their knowledge about the structure and
acquisition of expert skills and knowledge, and discussing future
prospects. General issues that cut across most domains are reviewed
in chapters on various aspects of expertise, such as general and
practical intelligence, differences in brain activity,
self-regulated learning, deliberate practice, aging, knowledge
management, and creativity.
In this updated and expanded edition of The Cambridge Handbook of
Expertise and Expert Performance, some of the world's foremost
experts on expertise share their scientific knowledge of expertise
and expert performance and show how experts may differ from
non-experts in terms of development, training, reasoning,
knowledge, and social support. The book reviews innovative methods
for measuring experts' knowledge and performance in relevant tasks.
Sixteen major domains of expertise are covered, including sports,
music, medicine, business, writing, and drawing, with leading
researchers summarizing their knowledge about the structure and
acquisition of expert skills and knowledge, and discussing future
prospects. General issues that cut across most domains are reviewed
in chapters on various aspects of expertise, such as general and
practical intelligence, differences in brain activity,
self-regulated learning, deliberate practice, aging, knowledge
management, and creativity.
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