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This volume is the result of a collective effort made by its
authors to reason and write about environmental policy from an
empirical, rather than from a prescriptive perspective. Since the
authors, like most people, care about the environment and, as
professional economists or political scientists, have some
expertise to offer in the area of policy-design, it was not always
easy for them to keep on the intended track. Whereas they knew that
it is unusual to follow a strictly empirical approach in such a
'practical' field as environmental policy, they discovered only
during the effort what kind of difficulties would be encountered.
Moreover, they learned that it is sometimes necessary to reason
normatively in order to catch essential features of empirical
reality. As it turns out, moral notions cannot entirely be
neglected in political life. The predominance of homo economicus is
not absolute. We feel that the effort has been worthwile and
deserves to be repeated and expanded. It has been a truly
co-operative project and we are very grateful to all authors for
their willingness to contribute. Special gratitude we owe to Frans
van Nispen and Annemarie Rima. Frans van Nispen has assisted us in
every conceivable way during the preparation of this book.
Higher education legislation is frequently changed by policy
makers, who are acutely conscious that specific changes have
repercussions through the law of general applicability, and
eventually may alter and revise fundamental societal concepts.
However, normative systems are complex, and the impact and
direction of legal and social repercussions are neither always
intended, nor are they easily foreseen. It is the purpose of this
book to identify the chosen directions, and to contribute to the
further development of issues in the higher education and research
sector and to trace beginnings of new trends. This volume is
intended to appeal to the reader's personal, practical perspective
to help generate the creativity and inspiration needed in order to
maintain the equilibrium between consolidation and change.
In the Council of Europe, much thought has been given to these
problems in recent years. The Higher Education and Research
Committee (CC-HER), previously known as the Standing Conference of
University Problems (CC-PU), has established a Legislation Reform
Programme for Higher Education (LRP). The Programme is intended to
give effective support to the process of legislative reform in
higher education, particularly, but not exclusively, in the new
member states in central and eastern Europe.
To promote dissemination of experience acquired throughout Europe
and as a complement to its ongoing advisory and multilateral
activities, the Programme's Steering Group has decided to publish a
series entitled Legislating for Higher Education and Research in
Europe'. The first volume of this series, "Relations between State
and Higher" "Education," is hereby presented to the generalpublic.
"Relations between State and Higher Education" has been compiled in
close co-operation with States Parties to the European Cultural
Convention. It seeks, as will subsequent volumes, to identify core
issues which countries may need to confront in their legislations,
and offers examples of good practice.
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