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Proceedings of the European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific
and Technical Research (COST 825) Symposium on Mammary Gland
Biology, held September 16-18, 1999, in Tours, France. It is
difficult to overstate the evolutionary and functional significance
of mammary tissue in biology. Substantial progress has been made by
researchers in various disciplines, particularly over the last
fifteen years, towards realizing the potential of this tissue to
yield powerful experimental models for morphogenesis and tissue
development; for cellular differentiation; for the biosynthesis and
secretion of proteins, lipids, small molecules and inorganic salts;
and for the coordination and regulation of these processes. More
recently, the possibility of exploiting the secretory epithelial
cells of mammary tissue as `cell factories' has become a reality
and the recombinant production by lactating animals of an
increasing number of proteins, valuable both in the pharmaceutical
and `nutraceutical' fields, is in progress or under development.
Also in this sphere of agricultural production, genetic as well as
nutritional technologies are under investigation and exploitation
to optimize milk composition for various end-uses - for instance in
food process and manufacture. The possibilities of deriving health
benefit from the bioactive properties of some of the minor
constituents of milk are emerging to counter the highly-publicized
negative health impact of excessive consumption of saturated animal
fats. In human nutrition and medicine, the mammary gland is both a
source of nutrition to the neonate and a potential health threat to
the adult female - breast cancer remains the major single cause of
female mortality in most developed countries. This volume provides
a unique glimpse into our understanding, at the cutting edge of a
variety of disciplines, of this versatile and extraordinary tissue,
at the birth of the twenty-first century.
Proceedings of the European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific
and Technical Research (COST 825) Symposium on Mammary Gland
Biology, held September 16-18, 1999, in Tours, France. It is
difficult to overstate the evolutionary and functional significance
of mammary tissue in biology. Substantial progress has been made by
researchers in various disciplines, particularly over the last
fifteen years, towards realizing the potential of this tissue to
yield powerful experimental models for morphogenesis and tissue
development; for cellular differentiation; for the biosynthesis and
secretion of proteins, lipids, small molecules and inorganic salts;
and for the coordination and regulation of these processes. More
recently, the possibility of exploiting the secretory epithelial
cells of mammary tissue as cell factories' has become a reality and
the recombinant production by lactating animals of an increasing
number of proteins, valuable both in the pharmaceutical and
nutraceutical' fields, is in progress or under development. Also in
this sphere of agricultural production, genetic as well as
nutritional technologies are under investigation and exploitation
to optimize milk composition for various end-uses - for instance in
food process and manufacture. The possibilities of deriving health
benefit from the bioactive properties of some of the minor
constituents of milk are emerging to counter the highly-publicized
negative health impact of excessive consumption of saturated animal
fats. In human nutrition and medicine, the mammary gland is both a
source of nutrition to the neonate and a potential health threat to
the adult female - breast cancer remains the major single cause of
female mortality in most developed countries. This volume provides
a unique glimpse into our understanding, at the cutting edge of a
variety of disciplines, of this versatile and extraordinary tissue,
at the birth of the twenty-first century.
It is by no means a revelation that proteins are not uniformly
distributed throughout the cell. As a result, the idea that protein
molecules, because of the specificity with which they can engage in
interactions with other proteins, may be aimed-via these
interactions-at a restricted target, is a fundamental one in
contemporary molecular life sciences. The target may be variously
c- ceived as a specific molecule, a group of molecules, a
structure, or a more generic type of intracellular environment.
Because the concept of protein targeting is intuitive rather than
expl- itly defined, it has been variously used by different groups
of researchers in cell biology, biochemistry, and molecular
biology. For those working in the field of intracellular signaling,
an influential introduction to the topic was the seminal article by
Hubbard & Cohen (TIBS [1993] 18, 172-177), which was based on
the work of Cohen's laboratory on protein phosphatases. Sub-
quently, the ideas that they discussed have been further developed
and extended by many workers to other key intermediaries in
intracellular sign- ing, including protein kinases and a great
variety of modulator and adaptor proteins.
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