The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an introduction to some of the elementary theory and experimental methods used to study the surface area, porosity, density, and particle size of powders. It may be found useful by those with little or no training in solid surfaces who have the need to learn quickly the rudiments of surface area, density, pore size, and particle size measurements. S. Lowell J.E. Shields Symbols Use of symbols for purposes other than those indicated in the following table are so defined in the text. Some symbols not shown in the table are also defined in the text. d adsorbate cross-sectional area A area; condensation coefficient; collision frequency C BET constant c concentration D diameter; coefficient of thermal diffusion E adsorption potential permeability aspect factor f F flow rate; force; feed rate g gravitational constant G Gibbs free energy S G free surface energy h heat of immersion per unit area; height H enthalpy heat of immersion Hi heat of adsorption Hsv BET intercept; filament current k thermal conductivity; specific reaction rate K Harkins-Jura constant C length L heat of liquefaction M mass M molecular weight MPa megapascals number of moles n number of molecules; number of particles N N Avogadro's num'ber molecular collisions per square cm per second

The growth of interest in newly developed porous materials has prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. One might consider this new book as the 4th edition of "Powder Surface Area and Porosity" (Lowell & Shields), but for this new edition we set out to incorporate recent developments in the understanding of fluids in many types of porous materials, not just powders. Based on this, we felt that it would be prudent to change the title to "Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders: Surface Area, Porosity and Density." This book gives a unique overview of principles associated with the characterization of solids with regard to their surface area, pore size, pore volume and density. It covers methods based on gas adsorption (both physi and chemisorption), mercury porosimetry and pycnometry. Not only are the theoretical and experimental basics of these techniques presented in detail but also, in light of the tremendous progress made in recent years in materials science and nanotechnology, the most recent developments are described. In particular, the application of classical theories and methods for pore size analysis are contrasted with the most advanced microscopic theories based on statistical mechanics (e.g. Density Functional Theory and Molecular Simulation). The characterization of heterogeneous catalysts is more prominent than in earlier editions; the sections on mercury porosimetry and particularly chemisorption have been updated and greatly expanded."

The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an introduction to some of the elementary theory and experimental methods used to study the surface area, porosity and density of powders. It may be found useful by those with little or no training in solid surfaces who have the need to quickly learn the rudiments of surface area, density and pore-size measurements. Syosset, New York S. Lowell May, 1983 J. E. Shields Xl List of symbols Use of symbols for purposes other than those indicated in the following list are so defined in the text. Some symbols not shown in this list are defined in the text. d adsorbate cross-sectional area A area; condensation coefficient; collision frequency C BET constant c concentration D diameter; coefficient of thermal diffusion E adsorption potential f permeability aspect factor F flow rate; force; feed rate 9 gravitational constant G Gibbs free energy GS free surface energy h heat of immersion per unit area; height H enthalpy Hi heat of immersion Hsv heat of adsorption BET intercept; filament current k thermal conductivity; specific reaction rate K Harkins-Jura constant I length L heat of liquefaction M mass M molecular weight n number of moles N number of molecules; number of particles N Avagadro's number .

The rapid growth of interest in powders and their surface properties in many diverse industries prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. It is intended as an introduction to some of the elementary theory and experimental methods used to study the surface area, porosity, density, and particle size of powders. It may be found useful by those with little or no training in solid surfaces who have the need to learn quickly the rudiments of surface area, density, pore size, and particle size measurements. S. Lowell J.E. Shields Symbols Use of symbols for purposes other than those indicated in the following table are so defined in the text. Some symbols not shown in the table are also defined in the text. d adsorbate cross-sectional area A area; condensation coefficient; collision frequency C BET constant c concentration D diameter; coefficient of thermal diffusion E adsorption potential permeability aspect factor f F flow rate; force; feed rate g gravitational constant G Gibbs free energy S G free surface energy h heat of immersion per unit area; height H enthalpy heat of immersion Hi heat of adsorption Hsv BET intercept; filament current k thermal conductivity; specific reaction rate K Harkins-Jura constant C length L heat of liquefaction M mass M molecular weight MPa megapascals number of moles n number of molecules; number of particles N N Avogadro's num'ber molecular collisions per square cm per second

The growth of interest in newly developed porous materials has prompted the writing of this book for those who have the need to make meaningful measurements without the benefit of years of experience. One might consider this new book as the 4th edition of "Powder Surface Area and Porosity" (Lowell & Shields), but for this new edition we set out to incorporate recent developments in the understanding of fluids in many types of porous materials, not just powders. Based on this, we felt that it would be prudent to change the title to "Characterization of Porous Solids and Powders: Surface Area, Porosity and Density." This book gives a unique overview of principles associated with the characterization of solids with regard to their surface area, pore size, pore volume and density. It covers methods based on gas adsorption (both physi and chemisorption), mercury porosimetry and pycnometry. Not only are the theoretical and experimental basics of these techniques presented in detail but also, in light of the tremendous progress made in recent years in materials science and nanotechnology, the most recent developments are described. In particular, the application of classical theories and methods for pore size analysis are contrasted with the most advanced microscopic theories based on statistical mechanics (e.g. Density Functional Theory and Molecular Simulation). The characterization of heterogeneous catalysts is more prominent than in earlier editions; the sections on mercury porosimetry and particularly chemisorption have been updated and greatly expanded."

Bone age assessment, a crucial part of the diagnosis and management of pediatric growth disorders as well as the timing of certain pediatric orthopedic procedures, has for decades depended on the meticulous examination of plain radiographs. Examining the subtle changes present within the maturing human hand often proves to be challenging and time-consuming.
Building on the popular Greulich and Pyle atlas, this book modernizes the method for pediatric skeletal maturity determination. It offers a wealth of images, carefully mined from thousands of digital radiographs from University of Virginia's Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), edited to best demonstrate important developmental bone features, and organized by age and sex for rapid reference. To expedite learning and clinical image analysis, images come in pairs: annotated and unannotated, for easy comparison. Succinct annotations on the images replace lengthy text to provide a quicker and clearer understanding of the skeletal age. These annotations highlight important and subtle features to help distinguish images that otherwise look superficially alike. The result is an atlas of exceptionally high quality skeletal radiographic standards that capture both the major and finer details of the accepted standards of Greulich and Pyle.
The user-friendly format of this book enables a faster, more accurate, and more educational approach to determining skeletal maturity. The Digital Bone Age Companion packaged with the book is a computer program that facilitates viewing of the atlas images in digital format. Users can easily zoom in on radiographic features, set image level and width to their preference, and compare two or three reference standards side-by-side for difficult cases. Most importantly, the program expedites evaluation, optimizes workflow, and minimizes user-introduced errors with the reliable bone age calculator and built-in report generator. The digital format may also be available for integration with your Radiology Information System (RIS) for further workflow enhancement.
Given the broad application of pediatric bone aging, Skeletal Development of the Hand and Wrist is not only intended for practicing and training radiologists, but for all of those who employ bone age studies as part of their practice.

MRI Atlas of Pediatric Brain Maturation and Anatomy and its software application offer a concise review of normal myelin, myelination, and commonly used MR techniques. Practical points on using MRI to assess the progress of brain maturation are discussed, followed by clinically relevant summaries of normal MR appearances grouped by age. The book version contains abridged sets of normal reference MR images between preterm and 3 years of age. The software proivides immediate access to over 13,000 high resolution, normal comparison MR images of subjects ranging in age from 32 gestational weeks to 3 years. Designed as both a practical clinical resource and educational tool, the software is ideal for use at the imaging workstation where one can rapidly bring up complete sets of high quality, scrollable MR reference images with guiding annotations to ensure more accurate and clinically valuable interpretations. Suspected deviations from normal brain development or MR signal can be more confidently identified or excluded, and diagnostic errors arising from unfamiliarity with the changing MR appearances of the immature brain can be minimized.