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The current state of the art of various aspects of micro emulsion
systems is reflected in this volume. Major topics discussed
include: general background on solubilized systems, phase diagrams
and phase equi- libria, bicontinuous microemulsions, Winsor's
phases, theories and models of complex self association structures,
cry tical behaviour, phase tran- sitions in lyotropic liquid
crystals. I hope that this book will serve its intended objective
of reflecting our current understanding of microemulsions both in
theory and practice, and that it will be useful to researchers,
both novices as well as experts, as a valuable reference source. I
feel indebted to the people of the Ettore Majorana Centre: the
friendly atmosphere of the Erice centre provided a very effective
environ- ment to enjoy the company of colleagues and friends during
breaks and after sessions, and to discuss problems of mutual
interest. The courtesy, efficiency and devotion of the secretarial
and technical staff was also appreciated, and greatly contributed
to make the Workshop a smoothly run- ning one. The Scientific
Secretary Donatella Senatra Department of Physics University of
Florence (Italy) v INTRODUCTION The decision to publish. in a more
permanent form than heretofore. the Proceedings of the Workshop on
"Progress in Microemulsion" of the Inter- national School of
Quantum Electronics. which was held in Erice (Italy) from October
26 to November 1st. 1985. under the auspices of the "Ettore
Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture. will prove to be a sound
one.
The Nato Advanced Study Institute "Phase Transitions in Liquid
Crystals" was held May 2-12, 1991, in Erice, Sicily. This was the
16th conference organized by the International School of Quantum
Electronics, under the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for
Scientific Culture. The subject of "Liquid Crystals" has made
amazing progress since the last ISQE Course on this subject in
1985. The present Proceedings give a tutorial introduction to
today's most important areas, as well as a review of current
results by leading researchers. We have brought together some of
the world's acknowledged experts in the field to summarize both the
present state of their research and its background. Most of the
lecturers attended all the lectures and devoted their spare hours
to stimulating discussions. We would like to thank them all for
their admirable contributions. The Institute also took advantage of
a very active audience; most of the students were active
researchers in the field and contributed with discussions and
seminars. Some of these student seminars are also included in these
Proceedings. We did not modify the original manuscripts in editing
this book, but we did group them according to the following topics:
1) "Theoretical Foundations"; 2) "Thermotropic Liquid Crystals"; 3)
"Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals"; 4) "Polymeric Liquid Crystals";
and 5) "Lyotropic Liquid Crystals".
There is a consistent trend towards miniaturization of deviees and
systems in many fields of engineering, in order to achieve
significant reductions in size, weight, power consumption and cost.
This trend is especially evident in optics and optoelectronics,
where recent years have seen rapid growth in such new or renewed
areas as rnicrooptics, integrated optics, integrated
optoelectronics, and diffractive optics. In November 1996, an
international group of scientists convened in Eriee, Sicily, for a
meeting on the subject of "Diffractive Opties and Optieal
Mierosystems." This Conference was the 20th Course of the
International School of Quantum Electronies, under the auspices of
the "Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture" and was
directed by Prof. Franeo Gori of the Third University of Rome,
Italy, and Prof. Giancarlo Righini of the "Nello Carrara" Institute
of Research on Electromagnetic Waves (IROE-CNR) in Florence, Italy.
This book presents the Proceedings of this Conference, providing a
fundamental introduction to the topie as weIlas reports on recent
research results.
The conference "Nonlinear Optics and Optical Computing" was held
May 11-19, 1988 in Erice, Sicily. This was the 13th conference
organized by the International School of Quantum Electronics, under
the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific
Culture. This volume contains both the invited and contributed
papers presented at the conference, providing tutorial background,
the latest research results, and future directions for the devices,
structures and architectures of optical computing. The invention of
the transistor and the integrated circuit were followed by an
explosion of application as ever faster and more complex
microelectronics chips became available. The information revolution
occa sioned by digital computers and optical communications is now
reaching the limits of silicon semiconductor technology, but the
demand for faster com putation is still accelerating. The
fundamental limitations of information processing today derive from
the performance and cost of three technical factors: speed,
density, and software. Optical computation offers the potential for
improvements in all three of these critical areas: Speed is
provided by the transmission of impulses at optical veloc ities,
without the delays caused by parasitic capacitance in the case of
conventional electrical interconnects. Speed can also be achieved
through the massive parallelism characteristic of many optical
computing architec tures; Density can be provided in optical
computers in two ways: by high spatial resolution, on the order of
wavelengths of light, and by computa tion or interconnection in
three dimensions."
Proceedings of the International School of Quantum Electronics 27th
course on Bose Einstein Condensates and Atom Lasers, October 19-24,
1999, Erice, Italy. Since the experimental demonstration of Bose
Einstein Condensation in dilute atomic gases there has been an
explosion of interest in the properties of this novel macroscopic
quantum system. The book covers the methods used to produce these
new samples of coherent atoms, their manipulation and the study of
their properties. Emphasis is given to the anticipated development
of new types of sources, which more and more resemble traditional
types of lasers. Because of recent new applications and increasing
demand for lasers, sensors and associated instrumentation, the
chapters also cover current developments in the basic techniques,
materials and applications in the field of the generation of
coherent atoms.
Proceedings of the 22nd Course of the International School of
Quantum Electronics, held 27 November-2 December 1997, in Erice,
Italy. In recent years, fiber optical sensors and optical
microsystems have assumed a significant role in sensing and
measurement of many kinds. These optical techniques are utilised in
a wide range of fields, including biomedicine, environmental
sensing, mechanical and industrial measurement, and art
preservation. This volume, an up-to-date survey of optical sensors
and optical microsystems, aims at combining a tutorial foundation
with analysis of current research in this area, and an extensive
coverage of both technology and applications.
This volume contains the Proceedings of a two-week course on "Laser
Applications to Biology and Medicine" held from September 4 to 16,
1983 in Erice, Italy. This is the 10th annual course of the
International School of Quantum Electronics organized under the
auspices of the "E. Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture., Among
the possible approaches to a course on Laser Applications to
Biology and Medicine, the one which emphasizes the scientific and
technological aspects of the advanced laser techniques when applied
to laboratory and clinical tests has been chosen. In fact, it
reflects the new policy of the School to stress the advanced scien
tific and technological achievements in the field of Quantum Elec
tronics. Accordingly, the Course has given the broadest information
on the ultimate performances already achieved and the perspectives
of their applications. Because of the great variety of applications
of laser in biology, medicine, chemistry, engineering and related
branches of science, this school addressed a subject of
interdisciplinary interest. The formal sessions have been balanced
between tutorial presentations and lectures focusing on unsolved
problems and future directions. In addition, wide time has been
provided for the par ticipants to meet together informally for
additional discussions on the forefront of current work. Therefore
the character of the Course was a blend of current research and
tutorial reviews."
The recent developement of high power lasers, delivering
femtosecond pulses of 20 2 intensities up to 10 W/cm , has led to
the discovery of new phenomena in laser interactions with matter.
At these enormous laser intensities, atoms, and molecules are
exposed to extreme conditions and new phenomena occur, such as the
very rapid multi photon ionization of atomic systems, the emission
by these systems of very high order harmonics of the exciting laser
light, the Coulomb explosion of molecules, and the acceleration of
electrons close to the velocity of light. These phenomena generate
new behaviour of bulk matter in intense laser fields, with great
potential for wide ranging applications which include the study of
ultra-fast processes, the development of high-frequency lasers, and
the investigation of the properties of plasmas and condensed matter
under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. In
particular, the concept of the "fast ignitor" approach to inertial
confinement fusion (ICF) has been proposed, which is based on the
separation of the compression and the ignition phases in
laser-driven ICF. The aim of this course on "Atom, Solids and
Plasmas in Super-Intense Laser fields" was to bring together senior
researchers and students in atomic and molecular physics, laser
physics, condensed matter and plasma physics, in order to review
recent developments in high-intensity laser-matter interactions.
The course was held at the Ettore Majorana International Centre for
Scientific Culture in Erice from July 8 to July 14,2000.
Modern manufacturing industry is focusing its interests on the
potential offered by the laser, in combination with other new
technologies such as optical fibres, automation, computing and
flexible manufacturing systems, to give new and powerful methods
for non-destructive testing, in-process quality assurance, laser
material processing and process control, and laser robotics. The
greatest opportunities for the laser are in those areas where
flexibility, automation, CAD/CAM integration, precision, cost
reduction, and time to market are important factors. The examples
covered here are mainly drawn from the automotive industry, where
all these factors are imperative, and where the CO2, Nd-YAG and
excimer laser sources are already making their contribution to the
manufacturing process.
The conference "Laser Science and Technology" was held May 11-19,
1987 in Erice, Sicily. This was the 12th conference organized by
the Internatio nal School of Quantum Electronics, under the
auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture.
This volume contains both the in vited and contributed papers
presented at the conference, covering current research work in two
areas: new laser sources, and laser applications. The operation of
the first laser by Dr. Theodore Maiman in 1960 initia ted a decade
of scientific exploration of new laser sources. This was fol lowed
by the decade of the 1970s, which was characterized by "technology
push" in which the discoveries of the 1960s were seeking practical
applica tion. In the 1980s we are instead seeking "applications
pull," in which the success and rapid maturing of laser
applications provides both inspiration and financial resources to
stimulate additional work both on laser sources and applications.
The papers presented in these Proceedings attest to the great
vitali ty of research in both these areas: New Laser Sources. The
papers describe current developments in ultra violet excimer
lasers, X-ray lasers, and free electron lasers. These new lasers
share several characteristics: each is a potentially important
coher ent source; each is at a relatively short wavelength (below 1
micrometer); and each is receiving significant development
attention today."
This volume contains the Proceedings of a two-week NATO Advanced
Study Institute on "Laser Systems for Photobiology and
Photomedicine", conducted from May 11 to 20, 1990 in Erice, Italy.
This is the 15th annual course of the International School of
Quantum Electronics (ISQE), organized under the auspices of the
"Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture. The application of
lasers to medicine and surgery has made amazing progress since the
last ISQE Course on this subject in 1983. The present Proceedings
give a tutorial introduction to today's most important areas, as
well as a review of current results by leading researchers. Among
the possible approaches to a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Laser
Systems for Photobiology and Photomedicine, we chose to emphasize
the scientific and technological aspects of advanced laser systems
when applied to laboratory and clinical tests. Since it is the
policy of the School to stress the advanced scientific and
techn*ological achievements in the field of Quantum Electronics,
the Course broadly covers performance already achieved and
potential applications.
As we enter the nineties, there is worldwide awareness that the
future of all mankind is inexorably linked by the world we share,
and its response to man's activities. Lasers and the optical
sciences have brought powerful tools to measure and understand our
environment. LIDAR (laser radar) and laser fluorescence allow us to
measure atmospheric and oceanic pollutants, as well as industrial
emissions, from many kilometers distance. And a variety of
sensitive laser-based spectroscopic techniques permit the accurate
analysis of heavy metals and other trace elements in the
environment. In September 1989, an international group of
scientists me.t in Erice, Sicily, for the 14th Course of the
International School of Quant~ Electronics. This Course was devoted
to "Optoelectronics for Envi~onmental Science", and was ably
directed by Prof. V. S. Letokhov of the USSR Institute of
Spectroscopy and Prof. A. M. Scheggi of the C.N.R. Electro magnetic
Waves Institute, Florence, Italy. This book gives the proceedings
of that conference, which covered not only basic tutorial papers
but also reports on the latest research results. The first half of
this volume describes the techniques used for direct "In-Situ
Measurements" of the environment. In "Techniques and Programs",
four chapters and one extended abstract give tutorial discussions
of the most important remote sensing techniques: LIDAR, laser
fluorescence, and optical fiber sensors, plus a description of the
Italian program in this area.
The volume contains the proceedings of the 7th Course on Physics
and Technology of Free Electron Lasers of the International School
of Quantum Electronics, which was held in Erice (Italy) from 17 to
29 August 1980, under the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre
for Scientific Culture. The level of this Course was much closer to
a workshop than to a school, and "Advances in Free Electron Lasers"
might have been an appropriate title. Many of the world's leading
scientists in the field (among them, the inventor of FEL, J. M. J.
Madey) were brought together to review the accomplishments of FEL
experiments, as well various trends in FEL theory. In editing this
material we did not modify the original manu scripts except to
assist in uniformity of style. The papers. are presented without
reference to the chronology of the Course but in the following
topical arrangement: A. "Fundamentals of free electron lasers," a
group of tutorial papers; B. "Free electron lasers operating in the
Compton regime," where theories and experiments of FELs based on
Compton scattering are reviewed; C. "Free electron lasers operating
in the Raman regime," a dis cussion of FELs based on Raman
scattering; D. "Optical klystrons," where the possibility of this
class of FEL is discussed from a theoretical viewpoint; E."
This volume contains the proceedings of a two-week NATO A.S.I. on
Integrated Optics: Physics and Applications, held from August 17 to
August 30, 1981 in Erice, Italy. This is the 8th annual Course of
the "International School of Quantum Electronics" presented under
the auspices of the "E. Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture.
The subject was chosen in order to satisfy the demand for a course
on integrated optics which is relevant to the expanding use of
fiber optics for communication and signal processing. Integrated
Optics, encompassing all of the optical waveguide circuits which
are the optical analog of integrated circuits, is finding its way
into a variety of applications involving communi cations, high
speed signal-processing, and sensors of many kinds. However,
because the technology is still changing very rapidly, the
development of these exciting applications relies heavily upon the
physics of the integrated optical circuits themselves and the pro
cessing techniques used to fabricate them. This NATO A.S.I.
provided not only a thorough tutorial treatment of the field, but
also through panel discussions and additional lectures treated
topics at the forefront of present work. Therefore the character of
the Course was a blend of current research and tutorial reviews.
"The Physics and Applications of Integrated Optics" could hardly be
a more appropriate title to be chosen for this volume. Many of the
worlds' acknowledged leaders in the field have been brought
together to review and speculate on the accomplishments of
integrated optics."
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, Erice, Italy, May
10-20, 1986
This volume contains the Proceedings of a two-week NATO A.S.I. on
"Analytical Laser Spectroscopy," held from September 23 to October
3, 1982 in Erice, Italy. This is the 9th annual course of Inter
national School of Quantum Electronics organized under the auspices
of the "E. Majorana" Center for Scientific Culture. The Advanced
Study Institute has been devoted to the analytical applications of
lasers in spectroscopy. Atomic and molecular spec troscopy is one
of the research fields in which the use of lasers has had a
dramatic impact. New spectral information, difficult or impos sible
to gather by classical spectroscopy, extremely high resolution
spectroscopy of atoms and molecules made possible by the overcoming
of the Doppler effect, selective excitation and detection of single
atomic and molecular quantum states are just few typical examples
of how laser sources have revolutionized the field, offering
challenging problems of both fundamental and applied nature. Among
the possible approaches to a course on Analytical Laser
Spectroscopy, the one which emphasizes the scientific and
technologi cal aspects of the advanced laser techniques when
applied to chemical analysis has been chosen. In fact, it reflects
the new policy of the School to stress the advanced scientific and
technological achieve ments in the field of Quantum Electronics.
Accordingly, the course has given the broadest information on the
ultimate performances of analytical laser spectroscopy techniques
and the perspectives of their applications."
The NATO Advanced Study Institute "Biomedical Optical
Instrumentation and Laser Assisted Biotechnology" was held November
10-22, 1995 in Erice, Sicily. This was the 19 th conference
organized by the International School of Quantum Electronics, under
the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific
Culture. The contributions presented at the Institute are written
as extended, review-like papers to provide a broad and
representative coverage of the fields of laser techniques,
optoelectronics systems for medical diagnosis, and light and laser
applications to Biology and Medicine. The aim of the Institute was
to bring together some of the world's acknowledged scientists and
clinicians that belong to different disciplines and consequently do
not usually meet, but who have as a common link the use of
optoelectronics instrumentation, techniques and procedures. Most of
the lecturers attended all the lectures and devoted their spare
hours to stimulating discussions. We would like to thank them all
for their admirable contributions. The Institute also took
advantage of a very active audience; most of the participants were
active researchers in the field and contributed with discussions
and seminars. Some of these seminars are also included in these
Proceedings. The Institute was an important opportunity to discuss
latest developments and emerging perspectives on the use of laser
sources and optoelectronic techniques for diagnostic and
therapeutic purposes.
The book is the output of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Optical Chemical Sensors and is 40th Course of the International
School of Quantum Electronics and covers all the aspects related to
optical chemical sensing by means of optical waveguides, from the
fundamentals to the most recent applications. The book also
provides a view through the history of the development of these
sensors, from the first laboratory prototypes up to the first
commercial instrumentations, and contains also the lecture given by
the Nobel Prize Charles Townes on the birth of maser and laser,
which is to be considered a very important illustration on how new
science and new technology develop.
The book is the output of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Optical Chemical Sensors and is 40th Course of the International
School of Quantum Electronics and covers all the aspects related to
optical chemical sensing by means of optical waveguides, from the
fundamentals to the most recent applications. The book also
provides a view through the history of the development of these
sensors, from the first laboratory prototypes up to the first
commercial instrumentations, and contains also the lecture given by
the Nobel Prize Charles Townes on the birth of maser and laser,
which is to be considered a very important illustration on how new
science and new technology develop.
The recent developement of high power lasers, delivering
femtosecond pulses of 20 2 intensities up to 10 W/cm , has led to
the discovery of new phenomena in laser interactions with matter.
At these enormous laser intensities, atoms, and molecules are
exposed to extreme conditions and new phenomena occur, such as the
very rapid multi photon ionization of atomic systems, the emission
by these systems of very high order harmonics of the exciting laser
light, the Coulomb explosion of molecules, and the acceleration of
electrons close to the velocity of light. These phenomena generate
new behaviour of bulk matter in intense laser fields, with great
potential for wide ranging applications which include the study of
ultra-fast processes, the development of high-frequency lasers, and
the investigation of the properties of plasmas and condensed matter
under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. In
particular, the concept of the "fast ignitor" approach to inertial
confinement fusion (ICF) has been proposed, which is based on the
separation of the compression and the ignition phases in
laser-driven ICF. The aim of this course on "Atom, Solids and
Plasmas in Super-Intense Laser fields" was to bring together senior
researchers and students in atomic and molecular physics, laser
physics, condensed matter and plasma physics, in order to review
recent developments in high-intensity laser-matter interactions.
The course was held at the Ettore Majorana International Centre for
Scientific Culture in Erice from July 8 to July 14,2000.
Proceedings of the 22nd Course of the International School of
Quantum Electronics, held 27 November-2 December 1997, in Erice,
Italy. In recent years, fiber optical sensors and optical
microsystems have assumed a significant role in sensing and
measurement of many kinds. These optical techniques are utilised in
a wide range of fields, including biomedicine, environmental
sensing, mechanical and industrial measurement, and art
preservation. This volume, an up-to-date survey of optical sensors
and optical microsystems, aims at combining a tutorial foundation
with analysis of current research in this area, and an extensive
coverage of both technology and applications.
There is a consistent trend towards miniaturization of deviees and
systems in many fields of engineering, in order to achieve
significant reductions in size, weight, power consumption and cost.
This trend is especially evident in optics and optoelectronics,
where recent years have seen rapid growth in such new or renewed
areas as rnicrooptics, integrated optics, integrated
optoelectronics, and diffractive optics. In November 1996, an
international group of scientists convened in Eriee, Sicily, for a
meeting on the subject of "Diffractive Opties and Optieal
Mierosystems." This Conference was the 20th Course of the
International School of Quantum Electronies, under the auspices of
the "Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture" and was
directed by Prof. Franeo Gori of the Third University of Rome,
Italy, and Prof. Giancarlo Righini of the "Nello Carrara" Institute
of Research on Electromagnetic Waves (IROE-CNR) in Florence, Italy.
This book presents the Proceedings of this Conference, providing a
fundamental introduction to the topie as weIlas reports on recent
research results.
The NATO Advanced Study Institute "Biomedical Optical
Instrumentation and Laser Assisted Biotechnology" was held November
10-22, 1995 in Erice, Sicily. This was the 19 th conference
organized by the International School of Quantum Electronics, under
the auspices of the "Ettore Majorana" Center for Scientific
Culture. The contributions presented at the Institute are written
as extended, review-like papers to provide a broad and
representative coverage of the fields of laser techniques,
optoelectronics systems for medical diagnosis, and light and laser
applications to Biology and Medicine. The aim of the Institute was
to bring together some of the world's acknowledged scientists and
clinicians that belong to different disciplines and consequently do
not usually meet, but who have as a common link the use of
optoelectronics instrumentation, techniques and procedures. Most of
the lecturers attended all the lectures and devoted their spare
hours to stimulating discussions. We would like to thank them all
for their admirable contributions. The Institute also took
advantage of a very active audience; most of the participants were
active researchers in the field and contributed with discussions
and seminars. Some of these seminars are also included in these
Proceedings. The Institute was an important opportunity to discuss
latest developments and emerging perspectives on the use of laser
sources and optoelectronic techniques for diagnostic and
therapeutic purposes."
Modern manufacturing industry is focusing its interests on the
potential offered by the laser, in combination with other new
technologies such as optical fibres, automation, computing and
flexible manufacturing systems, to give new and powerful methods
for non-destructive testing, in-process quality assurance, laser
material processing and process control, and laser robotics. The
greatest opportunities for the laser are in those areas where
flexibility, automation, CAD/CAM integration, precision, cost
reduction, and time to market are important factors. The examples
covered here are mainly drawn from the automotive industry, where
all these factors are imperative, and where the CO2, Nd-YAG and
excimer laser sources are already making their contribution to the
manufacturing process.
The current state of the art of various aspects of micro emulsion
systems is reflected in this volume. Major topics discussed
include: general background on solubilized systems, phase diagrams
and phase equi- libria, bicontinuous microemulsions, Winsor's
phases, theories and models of complex self association structures,
cry tical behaviour, phase tran- sitions in lyotropic liquid
crystals. I hope that this book will serve its intended objective
of reflecting our current understanding of microemulsions both in
theory and practice, and that it will be useful to researchers,
both novices as well as experts, as a valuable reference source. I
feel indebted to the people of the Ettore Majorana Centre: the
friendly atmosphere of the Erice centre provided a very effective
environ- ment to enjoy the company of colleagues and friends during
breaks and after sessions, and to discuss problems of mutual
interest. The courtesy, efficiency and devotion of the secretarial
and technical staff was also appreciated, and greatly contributed
to make the Workshop a smoothly run- ning one. The Scientific
Secretary Donatella Senatra Department of Physics University of
Florence (Italy) v INTRODUCTION The decision to publish. in a more
permanent form than heretofore. the Proceedings of the Workshop on
"Progress in Microemulsion" of the Inter- national School of
Quantum Electronics. which was held in Erice (Italy) from October
26 to November 1st. 1985. under the auspices of the "Ettore
Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture. will prove to be a sound
one.
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