Microbiology as a science has expanded by leaps and bounds in the past few decades due to advancements in sophisticated instrumentation and recombinant DNA technology, which added a new dimension and revealed an understanding of the subject at the molecular level. Microorganisms are highly ubiquitous in nature and manifold in their activity. Interest in microbiology increased quite significantly due to the wide application of microorganisms in studying different biological processes. An attempt has been made to introduce the readers to several areas of microbiology and microbial biotechnology, and to provide insight into basic concepts of biology and practical applications of microorganisms. To assist the readers in understanding the text, several illustrations and figures have been incorporated in the current volume. The topics covered in this volume are arranged in such a way as to maintain the thread of continuity with Volumes One and Two as well as to make it easy for those who are not acquainted with Volumes One and Two of the series. The editors believe that the previous book of the series, Recent Advances in Microbiology, Volumes One and Two, would also be helpful to readers in strengthening their concepts about different areas of microbiology and microbial biotechnology. The present volume has been complied with the help of leading microbiologists from India and other countries, with an objective of providing current developments in the field of microbiology. This book will be useful for under- and postgraduate students, academicians, researchers and laboratory personnel from disciplines like microbiology, biochemistry, veterinary science, medicine, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food science, environmental science, industrial microbiology and other allied biological sciences.

It is known that the study and development of many aspects of computer science have benefited from using certain ideas, concepts and tools from algebra, topology and category theory. Within computing science, finite state machines, automata, Chu Spaces and Petri nets are among some well-known models of computation and concurrent computation and it has turned out useful to use of some tools from algebra, topology and category theory in the study and development of the above models of computation. This book demonstrates that the use of certain concepts from topology and category theory can similarly be advantageous in the study and development of the fuzzy versions of above models of computation. This book should be of interest to research mathematician and computer scientists.

Micro-organisms are highly ubiquitous in nature and manifold in their activity. Interest in microbiology increased quite significantly due to wide application of micro-organisms in studying different biological processes. An attempt has been made to introduce the readers to several areas of microbiology and microbial biotechnology and to provide insight into basic concepts of biology and practical applications of micro-organisms. To assist the readers in understanding the text, several illustrations and figures have been incorporated in the current volume. The topics covered in this volume are arranged in such a way as to maintain the thread of continuity with Volume One as well as to make it easy for those who are not acquainted with Volume One of the series. The editors believe that the previous book of the series, "Recent Advances in Microbiology Volume-1", would also be helpful to readers in strengthening their concepts about different areas of microbiology and microbial biotechnology.