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Rapid progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular
mechanisms of cell growth and oncogenesis during the past decade.
This book comprises recent results on the regulation of cell growth
in normal and neoplastic tissues by growth factors including
hormones, and by the activation and inactivation of oncogenes and
tumor suppressor genes, respectively. Special attention has been
given to the presentation of the frequently neglected close
correlation between changes in signal transduction and metabolism
pathways during oncogenesis.
cytochemical techniques (ICC) which provide a useful adjunct to
investigations by immunoblotting. A particular advantage of a
cytochemical approach to the investiga tion of mitochondrial
disorders is that it allows the mosaic distribution of certain of
these defects to be detected, whereas the tissue homogeniza tion
involved in conventional enzyme assays or immunoblotting precludes
this. A further advantage of MEA or ICC is that only small amounts
of tissue are needed, which is important since many of the affected
patients are infants or small children. The main aim of this
communica tion is to outline ways in which these techniques can be
used in the diagnosis and further investigation of mitochondrial
disorders. Reference will be made not only to those situations in
which MEA and ICC offer advantages over standard enzyme asays and
immunoblotting but also to contexts in which the reverse applies.
4. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscle biopsies for cytochemical
investigation were snap-frozen using isopentane cooled to - 150
DegreesC in liquid nitrogen. Samples were stored in heat-sealed
polythene packets in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen
containers. 4. 2. 1 Microphotometric enzyme assays Frozen sections
8 Jlm thick were cut using a Reichert-J ung Frigocut cryostat
microtome equipped with motor-driven cutting action to maintain
maximal reproducibility of section thickness. Sections were picked
up on microscope slides and air-dried for 15 min at room
temperature.
This volume is based on the proceedings of an International
Symposium on "Cytochrome Systems: Molecular Biology and
Bioenergetics" that was held at Selva di Fasano near Bari, Italy,
between April 7 and 11,1987. It contains papers covering the
subjects discussed at the Symposium, contributed both by
participants of the meeting and by some invited speakers who were
not able to attend. The aim of the Symposium was to bring together
experts in various rese arch strategies currently being applied to
the study of cytochrome systems, including molecular genetics,
protein chemistry, enzymology of electron transfer and protonmotive
activity in energy-transducing biological mem branes. Because of
the high degree of complexity of cytochrome systems and the
increasing sophistication in recent years of the different
experimen tal approaches, there has been a growing specialization -
sometimes even a tendency to "over-specialization" - among
scientists working in this field. This in itself seemed to justify
a meeting where representatives of various disciplines could
exchange their results and discuss their conclusions. In addition,
and perhaps even more importantly, it was felt that meetings of
this kind provide an opportunity for a "cross-fertilization" of
approaches and ideas among representatives of various fields of
science. The present meeting proved to be an ample illustration of
the success of such an inter action.
cytochemical techniques (ICC) which provide a useful adjunct to
investigations by immunoblotting. A particular advantage of a
cytochemical approach to the investiga tion of mitochondrial
disorders is that it allows the mosaic distribution of certain of
these defects to be detected, whereas the tissue homogeniza tion
involved in conventional enzyme assays or immunoblotting precludes
this. A further advantage of MEA or ICC is that only small amounts
of tissue are needed, which is important since many of the affected
patients are infants or small children. The main aim of this
communica tion is to outline ways in which these techniques can be
used in the diagnosis and further investigation of mitochondrial
disorders. Reference will be made not only to those situations in
which MEA and ICC offer advantages over standard enzyme asays and
immunoblotting but also to contexts in which the reverse applies.
4. 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS Muscle biopsies for cytochemical
investigation were snap-frozen using isopentane cooled to - 150
DegreesC in liquid nitrogen. Samples were stored in heat-sealed
polythene packets in the vapour phase of liquid nitrogen
containers. 4. 2. 1 Microphotometric enzyme assays Frozen sections
8 Jlm thick were cut using a Reichert-J ung Frigocut cryostat
microtome equipped with motor-driven cutting action to maintain
maximal reproducibility of section thickness. Sections were picked
up on microscope slides and air-dried for 15 min at room
temperature.
Rapid progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular
mechanisms of cell growth and oncogenesis during the past decade.
This book comprises recent results on the regulation of cell growth
in normal and neoplastic tissues by growth factors including
hormones, and by the activation and inactivation of oncogenes and
tumor suppressor genes, respectively. Special attention has been
given to the presentation of the frequently neglected close
correlation between changes in signal transduction and metabolism
pathways during oncogenesis.
The Expert Committee on Biomaterials and Biotechnology for the
European and the North American Region was founded by the General
Assembly of UNESCO at its 21st Session, in 1981. The Committee
comprises a Coordinating Group and four working Groups, defined in
the following scientific areas: Group I Proteins: source, structure
and function. Group II Nucl~ic acids: the hereditary materials.
Group III Im~une materials and mechanisms. Membranes and transport
in biosystems. Group IV In fulfilment of one of the objectives of
the Committee, which have been adopted by the General Assembly of
UNESCO in 1981, namely the intensification of the exchange of
scientific information on biomaterials and biotechnology, working
Group IV organized an international workshop on Ion Interactions in
Energy Transport Systems, which was convened in Athens, Greece,
from 8 to 12 April, 1985. Scientific papers presented at that
workshop make up the chapters presented in this volume. The present
volume focusses on natural and artificial membranes that are
involved in energy transduction. Several chapters are devoted to
membranes and membrane components that convert and utilize light,
such as the thylakoid membrane of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms
(eukaryotic and prokaryotic), the chromatophore membrane of
nonoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and the purple membrane of the
halophilic bacteria. Other systems examined include the
mitochondrial membranes and their adenine nucleotide carrier, the
plasma membrane of animal cells, and lipid bilayer vesicles, either
reconstituted or not, with enzymes.
This book consists of a series of reviews on selected topics within
the rapidly and vastly expanding field of membrane biology. Its aim
is to highlight the most significant and important advances that
have been made in recent years in understanding the structure,
dynamics, and functions of cell membranes. The progress that is
being made in research in this field is due to the application of
integrated experimental ap- proaches, utilizing sophisticated and
novel techniques in molecular biology, cell biology, biophysics and
biochemistry. Due to the advances made, many problems have been or
are being solved at the molecular level. With the help of an
Editorial Advisory Board consisting of Jean-Pierre Changeux
(Paris), Paolo Comoglio (Torino), Rainer Jaenicke (Regens- burg),
Sten Orrenius (Stockholm), Lorenzo Pinna (Padova), Konrad Sandhoff
(Bonn), and Gottfried Schatz (Basel), we have selected a number of
topics in areas in which progress has been particularly rapid, and
have invited internationally acknowledged experts in the field to
review these topics. The areas covered in this monograph are: 1)
Signal transduction; 2) Membrane traffic: Proteins and lipids; 3)
Bioenergetics: Energy transfer and membrane transport; 4) Cellular
ion homeostasis; 5) Growth factors and adhesion molecules; 6)
Structural analysis of mem- brane proteins; and 7) Membranes and
disease.
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