Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

This volume presents multiple perspectives on the uses of the history of mathematics for teaching and learning, including the value of historical topics in challenging mathematics tasks, for provoking teachers’ reflection on the nature of mathematics, curriculum development questions that mirror earlier pedagogical choices in the history of mathematics education, and the history of technological innovations in the teaching and learning of mathematics. An ethnomathematical perspective on the history of mathematics challenges readers to appreciate the role of mathematics in perpetuating consequences of colonialism. Histories of the textbook and its uses offer interesting insights into how technology has changed the fundamental role of curriculum materials and classroom pedagogies. History is explored as a source for the training of teachers, for good puzzles and problems, and for a broad understanding of mathematics education policy. Third in a series of sourcebooks from the International Commission for the Study and Improvement of Mathematics Teaching, this collection of cutting-edge research, stories from the field, and policy implications is a contemporary and global perspective on current possibilities for the history of mathematics for mathematics education. This latest volume integrates discussions regarding history of mathematics, history of mathematics education and history of technology for education that have taken place at the Commission's recent annual conferences.

In this book we hope to acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of truth conditional model-theoretic semantics, and in particular with a version of this developed by Richard Montague in a series of papers published during the 1960's and early 1970's. In many ways the paper 'The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English' (commonly abbreviated PTQ) represents the culmination of Montague's efforts to apply the techniques developed within mathematical logic to the semantics of natural languages, and indeed it is the system outlined there that people generally have in mind when they refer to "Montague Grammar." (We prefer the term "Montague Semantics" inasmuch as a grammar, as conceived of in current linguistics, would contain at least a phonological component, a morphological component, and other subsystems which are either lacking entirely or present only in a very rudi mentary state in the PTQ system. ) Montague's work has attracted increasing attention in recent years among linguists and philosophers since it offers the hope that semantics can be characterized with the same formal rigor and explicitness that transformational approaches have brought to syntax. Whether this hope can be fully realized remains to be seen, but it is clear nonetheless that Montague semantics has already established itself as a productive para digm, leading to new areas of inquiry and suggesting new ways of conceiving of theories of natural language. Unfortunately, Montague's papers are tersely written and very difficult to follow unless one has a considerable background in logical semantics."

This book makes a significant contribution to the literature on strategy, management and innovation by drawing together the literature from these three fields and closely examining a critical issue, the importance of a firm's national base at a sectoral level in an era of globalization. Differences in national economic structures, management, firm learning, and firm strategy all contribute profoundly to competitive success. By examining two very dynamic high-technology industries--semiconductors and liquid crystal displays, the author shows how national systems of innovation are of critical importance in determining competitive success.

SECTION I In 1972, Donald Davison and Gilbert Hannan wrote in the introduction to the volume Semantics of Natural Language: "The success of linguistics in treating natural languages as formal ~yntactic systems has aroused the interest of a number of linguists in a parallel or related development of semantics. For the most part quite independently, many philosophers and logicians have recently been applying formal semantic methods to structures increasingly like natural languages. While differences in training, method and vocabulary tend to veil the fact, philosophers and linguists are converging, it seems, on a common set of interrelated problems. " Davidson and Harman called for an interdisciplinary dialogue of linguists, philosophers and logicians on the semantics of natural language, and during the last ten years such an enterprise has proved extremely fruitful. Thanks to the cooperative effort in these several fields, the last decade has brought about striking progress in our understanding of the semantics of natural language. This work on semantics has typically paid little attention to psychological aspects of meaning. Thus, psychologists or computer scientists working on artificial intelligence were not invited to join the forces in the influential introduction of Semantics of Natural Language. No doubt it was felt that while psychological aspects of language are important in their own right, they are not relevant to our immediate semantic concerns. In the last few years, several linguists and logicians have come to question the fundamental anti-psychological assumptions underlying their theorizing.

Striking a balance between the scientific and technological aspects of radiation curing, this work includes both a summary of current knowledge as well as many chapters which present the first comprehensive accounts of their subjects.

The Spirit of David Walker gives readers information about a forgotten hero of the anti-slavery movement, seldom found in traditional historical works. In an effort to bridge the gap between known historical events of slavery in 18th and 19th century America, James Peters II details the life and work of an American visionary prophet and writer. Walker, a leading abolitionist, envisioned the eventual emancipation of slaves in the South and the war that it would take to accomplish this.

Essays on Issues in Rehabilitation 1957-1988 will give readers some insight into the universal problems of the disabled, handicapped and disadvantaged of the United States and other countries of the world. Local, state, and federal funds, over the past 50 years, have been spent to rehabilitate individuals in these categories as well as other charitable organizations. Our society has come to recognize the importance of training and educating the disabled in order for him or her to enter the work force and become a taxpayer, instead of being on the dole. These essays show that rehabilitation of the disabled is a right that most civilized countries recognize. These papers should inspire students of rehabilitation, psychology, education, and counseling to replicate some of the work.

James Peters provides to both the amateur and professional historian, an excellent study of the early struggles of African American WWII veterans prior to and after the desegregation of the navy. Excellent detail is provided and supported by first hand accounts, including appendices transcribing minutes of the reunion of the veterans as well as anecdotes from the author, who enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1942.

Striking a balance between the scientific and technological aspects of radiation curing, this work includes both a summary of current knowledge as well as many chapters which present the first comprehensive accounts of their subjects.

SECTION I In 1972, Donald Davison and Gilbert Hannan wrote in the introduction to the volume Semantics of Natural Language: "The success of linguistics in treating natural languages as formal ~yntactic systems has aroused the interest of a number of linguists in a parallel or related development of semantics. For the most part quite independently, many philosophers and logicians have recently been applying formal semantic methods to structures increasingly like natural languages. While differences in training, method and vocabulary tend to veil the fact, philosophers and linguists are converging, it seems, on a common set of interrelated problems. " Davidson and Harman called for an interdisciplinary dialogue of linguists, philosophers and logicians on the semantics of natural language, and during the last ten years such an enterprise has proved extremely fruitful. Thanks to the cooperative effort in these several fields, the last decade has brought about striking progress in our understanding of the semantics of natural language. This work on semantics has typically paid little attention to psychological aspects of meaning. Thus, psychologists or computer scientists working on artificial intelligence were not invited to join the forces in the influential introduction of Semantics of Natural Language. No doubt it was felt that while psychological aspects of language are important in their own right, they are not relevant to our immediate semantic concerns. In the last few years, several linguists and logicians have come to question the fundamental anti-psychological assumptions underlying their theorizing.

In the mid-eighteenth century the Russian tsar sent two expeditions across the Caspian Sea in response to an extraordinary plea for assistance from the recently subjugated Kalmyk Khan. The official journals of these expeditions, here translated into English for the first time, record the encounters of Captains Tebelev and Kopitovskii (in 1741 and 1745, respectively) with the Turkmen tribes of the Caspian frontier zone. Together they form the basis for Peter Poullada's study of the relationship between the expanding Russian empire and the tribal peoples of Central Asia over a period of more than 200 years. Drawing on Russian archival sources and Persian and Uzbek chronicles, Russian-Turkmen Encounters provides a detailed exploration of the historical and political context of the encounters so vividly described in the two journals. Poullada shows that before the better-known nineteenth-century rivalry between the Russian and British Empires, famously known as the Great Game, Russian merchants, envoys and explorers were engaged in a complex relationship with the various tribal and political groups of Central Asia: Turkmen, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kalmyks and even forces from the Safavid and Afshar shahs who ruled Iran. Russian-Turkmen Encounters provides a valuable new resource that will lead to a deeper understanding of Russia's imperial expansion and its involvement in the geopolitical and commercial rivalries with the major political groups in Central Asia during the early modern period.

This book draws together literature from the fields of strategy, management and innovation to examine the importance of a firm's national base at a sectoral level in an era of globalization. By considering two very dynamic high-technology industries - semiconductors and liquid crystal displays, the author shows how national systems of innovation are of great importance in determining competitive success.

In this book we hope to acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of truth conditional model-theoretic semantics, and in particular with a version of this developed by Richard Montague in a series of papers published during the 1960's and early 1970's. In many ways the paper 'The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English' (commonly abbreviated PTQ) represents the culmination of Montague's efforts to apply the techniques developed within mathematical logic to the semantics of natural languages, and indeed it is the system outlined there that people generally have in mind when they refer to "Montague Grammar." (We prefer the term "Montague Semantics" inasmuch as a grammar, as conceived of in current linguistics, would contain at least a phonological component, a morphological component, and other subsystems which are either lacking entirely or present only in a very rudi mentary state in the PTQ system. ) Montague's work has attracted increasing attention in recent years among linguists and philosophers since it offers the hope that semantics can be characterized with the same formal rigor and explicitness that transformational approaches have brought to syntax. Whether this hope can be fully realized remains to be seen, but it is clear nonetheless that Montague semantics has already established itself as a productive para digm, leading to new areas of inquiry and suggesting new ways of conceiving of theories of natural language. Unfortunately, Montague's papers are tersely written and very difficult to follow unless one has a considerable background in logical semantics."

The ionized material that constitutes plasma permeates almost all of the universe beyond the planets and their atmospheres and satellites. This book describes the linear theory of many different waves and instabilities that may propagate in a collisionless plasma. Electrostatic and electromagnetic fluctuations, and a variety of instability sources are considered. Applications of the theory are discussed with respect to spacecraft observations in the solar wind, terrestrial magnetosheath, magnetosphere and magnetotail and at the bow shock and magnetopause. Tables at the end of most chapters summarize wave and instability nomenclature and properties, and problems for the reader to solve are interspersed throughout the text. Together these make this book of great value to both the student and research worker in space physics.

Edited by S. Peter Borriello, Patrick R. Murray and Guido Funke. In recent years there has been a revolution in our understanding of infections and the infective process, as well as in our ability to detect, identify, characterize and understand commensal and pathogenic bacteria. The bacteriology volumes in Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections have therefore been thoroughly restructured and updated for this tenth edition to include all new, emerging or re-emerging pathogens as well as providing the ultimate reference to established organisms. The two volumes provide comprehensive, authoritative coverage of all aspects of bacteriology, and are divided into parts covering the general basic characteristics of bacteria and bacterial infections; their ecosystems; epidemiology, transmission and therapy; organ and system infections and laboratory aspects. These are followed by detailed reviews of the individual organisms and their biology. The chapters distil current knowledge while providing insights into future developments in the field. The editors' and contributors' enthusiasm for this exciting subject, combined with the breadth of coverage and the clinical relevance of the material, ensures that Bacteriology will prove invaluable to students and teachers of microbiology, while microbiologists working in general, medical, food, environmental, and pharmaceutical fields will come to find this their definitive reference work.

Available in English for the first time, "Modern Armenian Drama" presents seven classic works from the Armenian stage. Spanning over a century (1871--1992), the plays explore such diverse themes science and religion, socioeconomic injustice, women's emancipation, and political reform through the medium of all the major European dramatic genres.

Nishan Parlakian and S. Peter Cowe provide a comprehensive introduction to the history of Armenian drama, giving a valuable overview of its importance and development in Armenia, as well as a brief biography for each playwright. A preface to each play helps in placing the work within the context of historical and cultural issues of the time.

Like the plays of Ibsen and O'Neill, the plays presented in this anthology are considered modern classics. They have an enduring quality and appeal to audiences who see them today. The editors have collected translations of the best examples of Armenian theater from its renaissance in the mid-nineteenth century to the present.

"Genomic Control Process" explores the biological phenomena around genomic regulatory systems that control and shape animal development processes, and which determine the nature of evolutionary processes that affect body plan. Unifying and simplifying the descriptions of development and evolution by focusing on the causality in these processes, it provides a comprehensive method of considering genomic control across diverse biological processes.

This book is essential for graduate researchers in genomics, systems biology and molecular biology seeking to understand deep biological processes which regulate the structure of animals during development. Covers a vast area of current biological research to produce a genome oriented regulatory bioscience of animal life Places gene regulation, embryonic and postembryonic development, and evolution of the body plan in a unified conceptual frameworkProvides the conceptual keys to interpret a broad developmental and evolutionary landscape with precise experimental illustrations drawn from contemporary literatureIncludes a range of material, from developmental phenomenology to quantitative and logic models, from phylogenetics to the molecular biology of gene regulation, from animal models of all kinds to evidence of every relevant typeDemonstrates the causal power of system-level understanding of genomic control process
Conceptually organizes a constellation of complex and diverse biological phenomenaInvestigates fundamental developmental control system logic in diverse circumstances and expresses these in conceptual modelsExplores mechanistic evolutionary processes, illuminating the evolutionary consequences of developmental control systems as they are encoded in the genome"