• Provides counsellors with tools to develop cultural competence • Encourages the use of robust anthropological methods to understand psycho-social experience of war and displacement • Creates awareness about culturally specific ways in which mental illness is expressed

• Provides counsellors with tools to develop cultural competence • Encourages the use of robust anthropological methods to understand psycho-social experience of war and displacement • Creates awareness about culturally specific ways in which mental illness is expressed

To count the blood cells in a clinical laboratory different two methods and techniques are used. One is the old conventional method of cell counting under the microscope and the other is to produce cell counting report by latest but very expensive haematology analyser machine. But both these methods have their own different drawbacks. The main problem with the method of counting manually under the microscope is accuracy, this method needs a real experienced laboratory technician who is trained enough to produce an accurate cell counting report, and even if the laboratory technician if well trained and experienced still we one cant neglect the chance of error in the report due to error caused by apparatus, personal errors, statistical errors etc. While on the other hand latest haematology analyser somehow error free and fast but it is widely unavailable and very expensive machine and the countries like Pakistan are resource less to provide it in every hospital laboratory in country. So as a result of the problem this research based project proposed a new method of cell counting which is easy to use, don't need fully experienced men to handle, accurate and economical.

The high prevalence of viral hepatitis in general population visiting the hospital, use of unsafe injection and contaminated equipment in health care related procedures appears to have played the predominant role in occupational transmission of hepatitis B and C. Randomly selected health care staff (doctors, nurses, technicians, assistant and general staff and administrative staff) working in different departments of the three tertiary care hospitals of Khyber Pakhtun khwa, Pakistan were analysed for viral hepatitis.. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to carry out recycling programs addressing issue of universal precautions and proper training of HCWs in the medical field for preventing HBV and HCV. It is advocated that a program for education about universal bio-safety measures, mandatory vaccination, especially the importance of the repeat doses must be implemented in all healthcare setups.

The genotyping results of this study suggest that type specific PCR evaluated in this study may reliably be used in genotyping studies of HCV. Both type specific PCR and serotyping has advantages and drawbacks. Serotyping assay have the advantages over molecular biology based typing methods only in terms of low cost, rapid test procedure and requirement of a few instruments that would be present in any clinical laboratory. However, ELISA is less sensitive and does not allow identification of HCV mixed infection and subtypes. Furthermore, the serotyping assay cannot differentiate between current and past HCV infection as the antibody remains in patient's body for some time (from 2 years to 12 years) after the clearance of the virus. The type-specific PCR as used in this study is complex and demands great care and expertise for specificity but provides subtype and mixed infection information, in contrast to the serotyping assay. Detection of a mixed infection by a type-specific PCR is relatively frequent and should be interpreted with caution. In the nut shell, the type specific PCR is a convenient method.

The book explores the interrelation between carceral conditions and substance use by considering the intersections between drug markets, sidewalks, households, and prisons in Baltimore. Sanaullah Khan argues that while housing, medicalization, and incarceration fundamentally create the conditions for substance use, individuals are increasingly experiencing the paradoxes of care and punishment and forging new pharmaceutical selves. By shedding light on how addiction and the impetus for healing moves through families and institutions of the state, Khan provides an account of the different and competing forces around substance use, recovery, and relapse. Through a combination of archival research and ethnography, the book makes a case for disentangling recovery from punishment.