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• Provides counsellors with tools to develop cultural competence
• Encourages the use of robust anthropological methods to
understand psycho-social experience of war and displacement •
Creates awareness about culturally specific ways in which mental
illness is expressed
• Provides counsellors with tools to develop cultural competence
• Encourages the use of robust anthropological methods to
understand psycho-social experience of war and displacement •
Creates awareness about culturally specific ways in which mental
illness is expressed
To count the blood cells in a clinical laboratory different two
methods and techniques are used. One is the old conventional method
of cell counting under the microscope and the other is to produce
cell counting report by latest but very expensive haematology
analyser machine. But both these methods have their own different
drawbacks. The main problem with the method of counting manually
under the microscope is accuracy, this method needs a real
experienced laboratory technician who is trained enough to produce
an accurate cell counting report, and even if the laboratory
technician if well trained and experienced still we one cant
neglect the chance of error in the report due to error caused by
apparatus, personal errors, statistical errors etc. While on the
other hand latest haematology analyser somehow error free and fast
but it is widely unavailable and very expensive machine and the
countries like Pakistan are resource less to provide it in every
hospital laboratory in country. So as a result of the problem this
research based project proposed a new method of cell counting which
is easy to use, don't need fully experienced men to handle,
accurate and economical.
The high prevalence of viral hepatitis in general population
visiting the hospital, use of unsafe injection and contaminated
equipment in health care related procedures appears to have played
the predominant role in occupational transmission of hepatitis B
and C. Randomly selected health care staff (doctors, nurses,
technicians, assistant and general staff and administrative staff)
working in different departments of the three tertiary care
hospitals of Khyber Pakhtun khwa, Pakistan were analysed for viral
hepatitis.. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to carry
out recycling programs addressing issue of universal precautions
and proper training of HCWs in the medical field for preventing HBV
and HCV. It is advocated that a program for education about
universal bio-safety measures, mandatory vaccination, especially
the importance of the repeat doses must be implemented in all
healthcare setups.
The genotyping results of this study suggest that type specific PCR
evaluated in this study may reliably be used in genotyping studies
of HCV. Both type specific PCR and serotyping has advantages and
drawbacks. Serotyping assay have the advantages over molecular
biology based typing methods only in terms of low cost, rapid test
procedure and requirement of a few instruments that would be
present in any clinical laboratory. However, ELISA is less
sensitive and does not allow identification of HCV mixed infection
and subtypes. Furthermore, the serotyping assay cannot
differentiate between current and past HCV infection as the
antibody remains in patient's body for some time (from 2 years to
12 years) after the clearance of the virus. The type-specific PCR
as used in this study is complex and demands great care and
expertise for specificity but provides subtype and mixed infection
information, in contrast to the serotyping assay. Detection of a
mixed infection by a type-specific PCR is relatively frequent and
should be interpreted with caution. In the nut shell, the type
specific PCR is a convenient method.
The book explores the interrelation between carceral conditions and
substance use by considering the intersections between drug
markets, sidewalks, households, and prisons in Baltimore. Sanaullah
Khan argues that while housing, medicalization, and incarceration
fundamentally create the conditions for substance use, individuals
are increasingly experiencing the paradoxes of care and punishment
and forging new pharmaceutical selves. By shedding light on how
addiction and the impetus for healing moves through families and
institutions of the state, Khan provides an account of the
different and competing forces around substance use, recovery, and
relapse. Through a combination of archival research and
ethnography, the book makes a case for disentangling recovery from
punishment.
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