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Evidence based medicine is at the core of modern medicine. It
involves the integration of individual clinical expertise with the
best available clinical evidence from systematic research and
patient's values and expectations. Systematic reviews offer a
summary of the best available evidence. They are the most reliable
and comprehensive statement about what works. Written by clinical
academics from Australia, UK, USA, and Switzerland, this
contributed volume introduces the readers to the principles and
practice of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. It covers the
various steps involved in systematic reviews including development
of a focused question and the strategy for conducting a
comprehensive literature search, identifying studies addressing the
underlying question, assessment of heterogeneity and the risk of
bias in the included studies, data extraction, and the approach to
meta-analysis. Crucial issues such as selecting the model for
meta-analysis, generating and interpreting forest plots, assessing
the risk of publication bias, cautions in the interpretation of
subgroup and sensitivity analyses, rating certainty of the evidence
using GRADE guideline, and standardized reporting of meta-analysis
(PRISMA) are covered in detail. Every attempt is made to keep the
narrative simple and clear. Mathematical formulae are avoided as
much as possible. While the focus of this book is on systematic
reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs),
the gold standard of clinical research, the essentials of
systematic reviews of non-RCTs, diagnostic test accuracy studies,
animal studies, individual participant data meta-analysis, and
network meta-analysis are also covered. Readers from all faculties
of medicine will enjoy this comprehensive and reader friendly book
to understand the principles and practice of systematic reviews and
meta-analysis for guiding their clinical practice and research.
This book is a collection of state-of-the-art reviews on the
various aspects of nutrition for the preterm neonate, by
internationally renowned clinicians and researchers from Australia,
UK, USA, Canada, and Italy. It provides the scientific basis and
clinical perspective on the A to Z of enteral and parenteral
nutrition for extremely preterm neonates, making it valuable for
all involved in the care of this high-risk population. The topics
covered range from the developmental physiology of the
gastrointestinal tract, and early trophic feeds, to aggressive
enteral and parenteral nutrition, and feeding under special
conditions such as intrauterine growth restriction and chronic lung
disease. Survival of extremely preterm neonates has improved
significantly following the advances in neonatal intensive care.
Extrauterine growth restriction is recognised as a serious and
almost universal issue in this population. Considering the long
term consequences of nutritional deficit and poor growth (e.g.
neurodevelopmental impairment, short stature and metabolic
disorders), optimising nutrition in the early postnatal life of the
preterm neonate is crucial. However this is easier said than done
considering the frequency of feed intolerance, fear of necrotising
enterocolitis, and the hesitancy in adopting an aggressive approach
to parenteral nutrition in this population. The simple and
practical approach of this comprehensive and unique book makes it a
must read for clinicians as well as researchers involved in
neonatal intensive care. It is a useful resource for trainees in
neonatology, paediatric gastroenterology, and neonatal nursing, and
also for dieticians specialising in neonatal nutrition.
Evidence based medicine is at the core of modern medicine. It
involves the integration of individual clinical expertise with the
best available clinical evidence from systematic research and
patient's values and expectations. Systematic reviews offer a
summary of the best available evidence. They are the most reliable
and comprehensive statement about what works. Written by clinical
academics from Australia, UK, USA, and Switzerland, this
contributed volume introduces the readers to the principles and
practice of systematic reviews and meta-analysis. It covers the
various steps involved in systematic reviews including development
of a focused question and the strategy for conducting a
comprehensive literature search, identifying studies addressing the
underlying question, assessment of heterogeneity and the risk of
bias in the included studies, data extraction, and the approach to
meta-analysis. Crucial issues such as selecting the model for
meta-analysis, generating and interpreting forest plots, assessing
the risk of publication bias, cautions in the interpretation of
subgroup and sensitivity analyses, rating certainty of the evidence
using GRADE guideline, and standardized reporting of meta-analysis
(PRISMA) are covered in detail. Every attempt is made to keep the
narrative simple and clear. Mathematical formulae are avoided as
much as possible. While the focus of this book is on systematic
reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs),
the gold standard of clinical research, the essentials of
systematic reviews of non-RCTs, diagnostic test accuracy studies,
animal studies, individual participant data meta-analysis, and
network meta-analysis are also covered. Readers from all faculties
of medicine will enjoy this comprehensive and reader friendly book
to understand the principles and practice of systematic reviews and
meta-analysis for guiding their clinical practice and research.
Survival of extremely premature neonates has improved significantly
following the advances in neonatal intensive care. Extrauterine
growth restriction is a serious issue in this population.
Nutritional exposures during critical period of life influence the
individual's risk of disease throughout life. Nutritional deficit
and poor growth are associated with long term neurodevelopmental
impairment, short stature and metabolic disorders in extremely
preterm neonates. Optimising nutrition in the early postnatal life
of the preterm neonate is therefore a priority. However this is
easier said than done considering the frequency of feed
intolerance, fear of necrotising enterocolitis, and the hesitancy
in adopting an aggressive approach to parenteral nutrition in this
population. Some of the finest researchers in the field have come
together to provide the clinical perspective on the A to Z of
nutrition in the preterm neonate in simple and clear fashion in
this book.
This book will provide anyone with an interest in the clinic with a
basic guide on those things that are not taught during medical
school or any other pre-clinical trainings. The line-up of authors
was carefully assembled to include experts in all respective fields
to give this volume the authority it requires to be a relevant text
for many.
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