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"Biological resource centers (BRCs) collect, certify, and
distribute organisms for use in research and in the development of
commercial products in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and
biotechnology industries. They maintain a large and varied
collection, including cell lines, micro-organisms, recombinant DNA
material, biological media and reagents, and the information
technology tools that allow researchers to access biological
materials. BRCs have established themselves as a crucial element in
the life science innovation infrastructure, from their early impact
on virology, to their crucial role in addressing cross-culture
contamination in the 1970s, to their current leadership in
promoting a global biodiversity network. Today they confront new
challenges, resulting from shifts in the nature of biological
research, the interaction between public and private researchers,
and the increasing focus on biosecurity. This book provides a
systematic economic assessment of the impact of biological resource
centers through their role in facilitating cumulative knowledge in
the life sciences and building on their roles as knowledge
hubs-institutions that facilitate the transfer of scientific and
technical knowledge among members of a research community. The
knowledge hubs framework offers insight into how to develop and
evaluate policy proposals that impinge on the control and access of
biological materials. Stern argues that science and innovation
policy must be premised on a clear understanding of the role that
knowledge hubs play and the policy mechanisms that encourage their
sustained growth and effectiveness. "
Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are
not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or
access to any online entitlements included with the product. An
engaging case-based approach to learning the diagnostic process in
internal medicine Symptom to Diagnosis, Fourth Edition teaches an
evidence-based, step-by-step process for evaluating, diagnosing,
and treating patients based on their clinical complaints. By
applying this process clinicians will be able to recognize specific
diseases and prescribe the most effective therapy. Each chapter is
built around a common patient complaint that illustrates essential
concepts and provides insight into the process by which the
differential diagnosis is identified. Coverage for each disease
includes: Textbook Presentation, Disease Highlights, Evidence-Based
Diagnosis, and Treatment. *Enhanced by algorithms, summary tables,
and questions that direct evaluation*Each chapter is built around
patient cases that illustrate essential concepts*Clinical pearls
appear in every chapter
The papers in the sixteenth volume of the National Bureau of
Economic Research's Innovation Policy and the Economy offer
insights into the changing landscape of innovation by highlighting
recent developments in the financing of innovation and
entrepreneurship and in the economics of innovation and
intellectual property. The first chapter, by Ramana Nanda and
Matthew Rhodes-Kropf, explores the process of experimentation in
the context of financing of technology start-ups by venture
capitalists. The second, by Yael Hochberg, also analyzes the role
of entrepreneurial experimentation by systematically examining the
rise of start-up accelerators. The third chapter, by Heidi
Williams, studies the relationship between the strength of
intellectual property rights and innovation. The fourth paper, by
Fiona Scott Morton and Carl Shapiro discusses recent changes to the
patent system and whether they align the rewards from intellectual
property with the marginal contributions made by innovators and
other stakeholders. The final chapter, by Karim Lakhani and Kevin
Boudreau, focuses on the potential use of field innovation
experiments and contests to inform innovation policy and
management. Together, these essays continue to highlight the
importance of economic theory and empirical analysis in innovation
policy research.
Technology-based industries have come to account for ever-greater
shares of economic activity during the last 30 years. Recently,
rapid, digitally-enabled technological change has generated new
opportunities for value creation, enabled new ways of capturing
value, and stimulated the emergence of new organizational forms
such as platforms and ecosystems. Together with the development of
supporting institutions, including incubators, accelerators, and
increasingly creative ways of funding new ventures, this has led to
an explosion of interest in entrepreneurial activity across
industries and sectors. Scholars, policymakers and practitioners
recognize the importance of technological innovation and
entrepreneurship for competitive advantage, comparative advantage,
and society's economic well-being. There is tremendous academic and
practical interest not only in how new ventures assemble resources
necessary to deliver value, but also on how incumbent organizations
may adapt to harness technological innovation, and on how
industries evolve in the face of this pervasive technological
change. Despite recent advances in our understanding of how
innovation and entrepreneurship impact the creation and
appropriation of value, numerous questions remain unanswered. This
volume draws together scholars working at the forefront of
entrepreneurship-, strategy-, and innovation-related domains to
explore these questions. The volume makes particular contributions
to the entrepreneurship, innovation, and platform literatures.
This volume presents studies from experts in twelve industries,
providing insights into the future role of innovation and
entrepreneurship in driving economic growth across sectors. We live
in an era in which innovation and entrepreneurship seem ubiquitous,
particularly in regions like Silicon Valley, Boston, and the
Research Triangle Park. But many metrics of economic growth, such
as productivity growth and business dynamism, have been at best
modest in recent years. The resolution of this apparent paradox is
dramatic heterogeneity across sectors, with some industries seeing
robust innovation and entrepreneurship and others seeing
stagnation. By construction, the impact of innovation and
entrepreneurship on overall economic performance is the cumulative
impact of their effects on individual sectors. Understanding the
potential for growth in the aggregate economy depends, therefore,
on understanding the sector-by-sector potential for growth. This
insight motivates the twelve studies of different sectors that are
presented in this volume. Each study identifies specific
productivity improvements enabled by innovation and
entrepreneurship, for example as a result of new production
technologies, increased competition, or new organizational forms.
These twelve studies, along with three synthetic chapters, provide
new insights on the sectoral patterns and concentration of the
contributions of innovation and entrepreneurship to economic
growth.
Papers in this volume highlight the increasing role of the Internet
and digitization in the changing nature of innovation,
entrepreneurship, and innovation policy. The first offers an
overview of the impact of "big data" on the ability to conduct
novel types of measurement and research in economics and related
fields. The second highlights research designs used to evaluate the
interplay between piracy, the availability of legitimate digital
channels, and the impact of anti-piracy enforcement efforts. The
third provides an overview of the rapidly emerging area of crowd
funding, while the fourth focuses on the role of standard-setting
organizations. The volume concludes with a look at geographic
clusters, entrepreneurship, and innovation.
"Innovation Policy and the Economy" provides a forum for research
on the interactions among public policy, the innovation process,
and the economy. Issues covered in Volume 12 are an exploration of
recent events in the US economy and their implications for
innovation and growth; a consideration of the role of non-compete
agreements in shaping labor market dynamics, the propensity for
entrepreneurship, and regional migration; and more.
Each annual volume in the "Innovation Policy and the Economy"
series provides a forum for research on the interactions among
public policy, the innovation process, and the economy. A group of
distinguished contributors covers all types of policy that affect
the ability of an economy to achieve scientific and technological
progress or that affect the impact of science and technology on
economic growth. Among the issues covered in Volume 8 are policy
challenges at the university-industry interface, the role of
innovation and experimentation in the net neutrality debate, and
the trade-offs in establishing the scope of patent rights or
limitations on patent pools.
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