The rational expectations revolution and other developments in economics (notably game theory) have fundamentally altered the application of optimal control theory to economic forecasting and planning. In particular, they have shown that economic systems cannot be modelled simplistically on physical systems. However, as the authors of this volume show, these developments have greatly enhanced our understanding of how an economy functions, and now make it possible for optimal control theory to be applied much more effectively to economic modelling and planning. This book is divided into two parts. The first presents the orthodox framework but extends it to allow for multiplicative uncertainty, risk and non-linearities in the econometric model. The second part looks explicitly at the question of expectations. It provides methods by which forward-looking expectations can be treated jointly with the determination of economic policy. It also examines game-theoretic considerations - where, for instance, policy makers may have incentive to renege on their commitments.

Many of the assumptions that underpin mainstream macroeconomic models have been challenged as a result of the traumatic events of the recent financial crisis. Thus, until recently, it was widely agreed that although the stock of money had a role to play, in practice it could be ignored as long as we used short-term nominal interest rates as the instrument of policy because money and other credit markets would clear at the given policy rate. However, very early on in the financial crisis interest rates effectively hit zero percent and so central banks had to resort to a wholly new set of largely untested instruments to restore order, including quantitative easing and the purchase of toxic financial assets. This book brings together contributions from economists working in academia, financial markets and central banks to assess the effectiveness of these policy instruments and explore what lessons have so far been learned.

Many of the assumptions that underpin mainstream macroeconomic models have been challenged as a result of the traumatic events of the recent financial crisis. Thus, until recently, it was widely agreed that although the stock of money had a role to play, in practice it could be ignored as long as we used short-term nominal interest rates as the instrument of policy because money and other credit markets would clear at the given policy rate. However, very early on in the financial crisis interest rates effectively hit zero percent and so central banks had to resort to a wholly new set of largely untested instruments to restore order, including quantitative easing and the purchase of toxic financial assets. This book brings together contributions from economists working in academia, financial markets and central banks to assess the effectiveness of these policy instruments and explore what lessons have so far been learned.

The rational expectations revolution and other developments in economics (notably game theory) have fundamentally altered the application of optimal control theory to economic forecasting and planning. In particular, they have shown that economic systems cannot be modelled simplistically on physical systems. However, as the authors of this volume show, these developments have greatly enhanced our understanding of how an economy functions, and now make it possible for optimal control theory to be applied much more effectively to economic modelling and planning. This book is divided into two parts. The first presents the orthodox framework but extends it to allow for multiplicative uncertainty, risk and non-linearities in the econometric model. The second part looks explicitly at the question of expectations. It provides methods by which forward-looking expectations can be treated jointly with the determination of economic policy. It also examines game-theoretic considerations - where, for instance, policy makers may have incentive to renege on their commitments.

Macroeconomic modeling has been one of the most important and influential areas of economic research. This book presents contributions from the leading researchers working in this area as part of the ongoing research project sponsored by the Economic and Social Research Council, Bank of England and UK Treasury. The papers combine a description of the latest techniques used in modeling the economy with an account of the way that models can be used for purposes of policy analysis. It is designed for use by advanced students and professional economists.

Money, Inflation and Employment examines issues of economic policy and theory through a series of original essays written in recognition of Sir James Ball's seminal contribution to macroeconomic modelling, forecasting and economic policy making.Contributions by leading policymakers focus primarily on the UK economy, with papers by Jeremy Bray, MP, on managing the economy, Alan Budd, Chief Economic Adviser to the Treasury, on exchange rate policy, Sir Terence Burns, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury, on the Treasury's responsibilities and character, and Bill Robinson on the effects of North Sea oil. Later contributions address technical questions, with papers by David Currie and Steven Hall on expectations and learning, D.F. Hendry and M.P. Clements on a theory of intercept corrections in macroeconomic forecasting, Lawrence Klein on economic forecasting and decision making under uncertainty, Ken Wallis and Keith Church on price homogeneity and the supply side in a number of models of the UK economy.