Wheat (Triticum L.), an annual herbaceous plant in Poacae (Gramineae) family, settles in the Triticeae (Hordeae) subfamily. The grasses (Poaceae Barnhart) are the fifth largest (monocotyledonous flowering) plant family and of great importance for human civilization and life. Cereal crops such as maize, wheat, rice, barley, and millet are the domesticated ones in the family. It is still the most vital economical plant family in modern times, providing food, forage, building materials (bamboo, thatch), and fuel (ethanol). Wheat has many accessions in national and international gene banks. The estimated number of wheats by FAO in 2010 is 856,000, and, followed by rice (774,000), and barley (467,000). However, the recent consumer's (misdirected) focus on gluten content and nutritional value urges scientists to reexamine their knowledge about wheat (i.e., origin, evolution, and general and special quality characteristics), as well as their wild relatives and landraces for newer possible genetic resources. Cultured or non-cultured ancestral wheats: einkorn, emmer, wild emmer, spelt, macha, and vavilovii are still limitedly grown on the higher areas in Turkey, Italy, Germany, Morocco, Israel, and Balkan countries. They are exploited mostly for their desired agronomic, and specific quality. In some cultures, wheat species are believed to be therapeutic, with bioactive compounds that reduce and inhibit stubborn illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer, and cardiovascular diseases. In this book, we summarize the importance of ancestral wheat species, and provide a prospect for their future with special considerations in terms of species conservation and improvement.

The work presented in this book consists of three disparate elements which have the unifying feature of being concerned with alphasatellite. The satellite-like alphasatellites (previously known as DNA 1) were first identified in 1999 and were shown to be associated with the majority of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) that require the satellite molecule now collectively known as betasatellites. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a powerful reverse genetics tool for application in functional genomics. The alphasatellite-based VIGS vector was shown to be functional by silencing expression of GFP in 16c plants and magnesium chelatase. In addition, the alphasatellite vector was shown to be useful as a gene expression vector. An analysis of tomato plants from Oman exhibiting severe leaf curl symptoms showed the presence of Tomato yellow leaf curl-Oman (TYLCV-Om), a virus previously shown to be present in tomato in this country, a new recombinant begomovirus species, for which the name Tomato leaf curl Oman virus (ToLCOMV) is proposed, a betasatellite (tobacco leaf curl betasatellite (TbLCB) and an unusual alphasatellite. The significance of these findings is discussed.