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W. E. B. Du Bois was one of the most prolific African-American
authors, scholars, and leaders of the twentieth century. In this
book, Alexander's traces the development of Du Bois' thought over
time. Paying significantly more attention to the many pivotal and
previously unexamined intellectual moments in his life, this
biography illustrates the experiences that helped bend and mold the
indispensable thinker that W. E. B. Du Bois became: the kind whose
crowning achievement is his continued relevance in contemporary
culture, from classrooms to curbsides.
In January 1890, journalist T. Thomas Fortune stood before a
delegation of African American activists in Chicago and declared,
"We know our rights and have the courage to defend them," as
together they formed the Afro-American League, the nation's first
national civil rights organization. Over the next two decades,
Fortune and his fellow activists organized, agitated, and, in the
process, created the foundation for the modern civil rights
movement. An Army of Lions: The Civil Rights Struggle Before the
NAACP traces the history of this first generation of activists and
the organizations they formed to give the most comprehensive
account of black America's struggle for civil rights from the end
of Reconstruction to the formation of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People in 1909. Here a host of leaders
neglected by posterity-Bishop Alexander Walters, Mary Church
Terrell, Jesse Lawson, Lewis G. Jordan, Kelly Miller, George H.
White, Frederick McGhee, Archibald Grimke-worked alongside the more
familiar figures of Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W. E. B. Du Bois, and
Booker T. Washington, who are viewed through a fresh lens. As Jim
Crow curtailed modes of political protest and legal redress,
members of the Afro-American League and the organizations that
formed in its wake-including the Afro-American Council, the Niagara
Movement, the Constitution League, and the Committee of Twelve-used
propaganda, moral suasion, boycotts, lobbying, electoral office,
and the courts, as well as the call for self-defense, to end
disfranchisement, segregation, and racial violence. In the process,
the League and the organizations it spawned provided the
ideological and strategic blueprint of the NAACP and the struggle
for civil rights in the twentieth century, demonstrating that there
was significant and effective agitation during "the age of
accommodation."
William Albert Sinclair, born a slave in 1858, grew up in South
Carolina during the tumultuous years of the Civil War and
Reconstruction. Influenced by his childhood experiences, Sinclair
spent his life fighting for the rights of African Americans and was
an active member of the Constitution League, and their successor,
the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Inspired by the scholarship and activism of T. Thomas Fortune and
W. E. B. Du Bois, Sinclair published The Aftermath of Slavery: A
Study of the Condition and Environment of the American Negro, one
of the most complete analyses of slavery and the years immediately
following emancipation.
First published in 1905, The Aftermath of Slavery provided a
historical analysis of the late nineteenth century that underscored
the existence of black resistance to white domination during
slavery and Reconstruction. This Southern Classics edition includes
a new introduction by Shawn Leigh Alexander, which emphasizes the
importance of this book as a tool to understanding the meanings of
peace and citizenship, as well as violence and terror, in the years
directly following emancipation.
"Alexander's important documentary edition restores T. Thomas
Fortune's central place in African American thought and activism
during the age of Jim Crow. His well-executed edition is essential
for all college, university, and public library collections."--John
David Smith, University of North Carolina, Charlotte "Fortune is
one of the most significant figures in American history, not just
African American history. Alexander has created a reader that
permits all of us to hear from one of the most remarkable and
contemporary-sounding voices black America has produced."--James P.
Danky, University of Wisconsin Born into slavery, T. Thomas Fortune
was known as the dean of African American journalism by the time of
his death in the early twentieth century. The editorship of three
prominent black newspapers--the New York Globe, New York Freeman,
and New York Age--provided Fortune with a platform to speak against
racism and injustice. For nearly five decades his was one of the
most powerful voices in the press. Contemporaries such as Ida B.
Wells, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Booker T. Washington considered him an
equal, if not a superior, in social and political thought. Today's
histories often pass over his writings, in part because they are so
voluminous and have rarely been reprinted. Shawn Leigh Alexander's
anthology will go a long way toward rectifying that situation,
demonstrating the breadth of Fortune's contribution to black
political thought at a key period in American history. Shawn Leigh
Alexander is an assistant professor in the department of African
and African American studies at the University of Kansas.
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