In January 1890, journalist T. Thomas Fortune stood before a
delegation of African American activists in Chicago and declared,
"We know our rights and have the courage to defend them," as
together they formed the Afro-American League, the nation's first
national civil rights organization. Over the next two decades,
Fortune and his fellow activists organized, agitated, and, in the
process, created the foundation for the modern civil rights
movement. An Army of Lions: The Civil Rights Struggle Before the
NAACP traces the history of this first generation of activists and
the organizations they formed to give the most comprehensive
account of black America's struggle for civil rights from the end
of Reconstruction to the formation of the National Association for
the Advancement of Colored People in 1909. Here a host of leaders
neglected by posterity-Bishop Alexander Walters, Mary Church
Terrell, Jesse Lawson, Lewis G. Jordan, Kelly Miller, George H.
White, Frederick McGhee, Archibald Grimke-worked alongside the more
familiar figures of Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W. E. B. Du Bois, and
Booker T. Washington, who are viewed through a fresh lens. As Jim
Crow curtailed modes of political protest and legal redress,
members of the Afro-American League and the organizations that
formed in its wake-including the Afro-American Council, the Niagara
Movement, the Constitution League, and the Committee of Twelve-used
propaganda, moral suasion, boycotts, lobbying, electoral office,
and the courts, as well as the call for self-defense, to end
disfranchisement, segregation, and racial violence. In the process,
the League and the organizations it spawned provided the
ideological and strategic blueprint of the NAACP and the struggle
for civil rights in the twentieth century, demonstrating that there
was significant and effective agitation during "the age of
accommodation."
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