Aldose 1-epimerase or mutarotase is the enzyme that responsible for carbohydrate metabolism and converts the alpha anomer into beta anomer of glucose. This enzyme was extracted from bovine kidney cortex. Crude enzyme exhibited the activity of 14.92 U mL-1 with specific activity of 0.153 U mg-1 proteins. The enzyme activity and specific activity was increased to 53.75 UmL-1 4.981 Umg-1 respectively after 38-60% ammonium sulfate precipitation and it was further increased to 73.27 UmL-1 and 11.67 Umg-1 when subjected to diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose chromatography. Further purification was carried out by passing it through Sephadex G-150 column and observed increase in activity 79.26 UmL-1 with 19.55 Umg-1 specific activity. The optimum pH and temperature were recorded as 8.5 and 37 oC respectively. Different stabilizers (glycerol, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate) were used to study their effect on stability of enzyme.

Serum globulin, total antioxidant status and selenium concentration decreased significantly while AST, T3, T4, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, K, Ca, Zn did increase during 1st trimester of pregnancy. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, T3, T4, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, Ca, Zn were significantly higher while serum total proteins, albumin, antioxidant status, Na, K and Se did decrease significantly during 2nd trimester. A significant high level of body temperature, triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, AST, T3, homocysteine, total oxidant status, MDA, Ca and zinc concentration while lower concentration of serum proteins, albumin, antioxidant status, Na, Fe and Se concentration was observed in women at the end of the pregnancy. Pearson correlation was determined to observe the relationship of homocysteine and DNA damage with the clinical biochemical profiles of pregnant women.

Forty (40) age matched individuals of male and female, young and old were selected as normal and obese on the basis of their body mass index (BMI). A significant increase in concentration of serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, albumin, ALT, AST, total oxidant status, MDA and Hcy and a significant decrease in concentration of HDL, total proteins, globulins and antioxidant status (AOS) were observed in obese as compared to normal individuals. Sodium, potassium, magnesium and manganese concentration were significantly high and calcium, CU, Zn and Fe concentration did decrease significantly in obese individuals. Serum globulin, total antioxidant status and iron concentration were negative while body mass index, systolic blood pressure, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, albumin, ALT, total oxidants status, MDA, sodium and manganese did show a positive correlation with Hcy in obese individuals. DNA damage was positively correlated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, albumin, ALT, total oxidant status, MDA, sodium, potassium and magnesium while negative correlation was observed with globulin, AOS and iron contents

Diarrhea a leading cause of illness and death in children in developing countries may lead to the cause of dehydration resulting from loss of water and electrolytes and lack of absorption of nutrients due to inflammatory bowel. A total of forty (40) blood samples were collected from normal and diarrheal children from Allied and Civil Hospital, Faisalabad belong to middle socio-economic class. Blood samples were collected with and without anticoagulant from each individual for separation of serum which was presented at -2 C. Serum biochemicals, hormones and health markers were estimated in triplicate while using standard procedures of analysis. A significant high concentration of LDL, ALT, homocysteine, total oxidant status, K and Mg while serum triglyceride, total proteins, albumin, globulin, T3, T4, total antioxidant status, Na, Ca, Zn and Cu were significantly low in patients with diarrhea. Diarrhea patients have shown a significant increase in DNA damage. In addition, DNA damage has shown a positive correlation with glucose, LDL and with potassium while negative correlation was observed with total proteins, thyroxine, total antioxidant status, sodium and calcium