Flip-flop is an electronic circuit that stores a logical state of one or more data input signals in response to clock pulse. Flip-flop are often used in computational circuits to operate in selected sequences during recurring clock intervals to receive and maintain data for a limited time period sufficient for other circuits within a system to further process data. Flip-Flops are critical timing elements in digital circuits and have a large impact on circuit speed and power consumption. Consequently, extensive research has been performed to develop fast and low-power flip-flops. Recently, pulsed latch structures have emerged as the fastest known flip-flop structures. Flip-flops are a fundamental building block of digital electronics systems used in computers, communications, and many other types of systems. A new flip-flop design using a double-pulsed static latch is designed for 250-nanometer technology. This flip-flop consumes less power and fewer transistors in the clock generator as compared with the DPSCRFF (Double Pulsed Set Conditional Reset), which is one of the fastest known flip-flops in literature.

Eupatorium adenophorum is considered to be a serious weed in agriculture, especially in rangelands where it often replaces either the more-desirable vegetation or native species, but also in forests. Grazing animals get accidentally exposed to the plant under scarcity conditions. A considerable variation between the animal species exists in terms of susceptibility to toxicity due to E. adenophorum. It is generally unpalatable to grazing animals, but goats graze on this plant infrequently. It is fatally toxic to horses and causes the "blowing disease" in Hawaii and "Numinbah disease" or "Tollebudgera horse disease" in Australia. Toxicopathological studies were taken up in Swiss albino mice, as a model and the effects of the plant extract on hematological, biochemical, gross pathological and histopathological parameters were recorded. The plant extract was found to be highly hepatotoxic in mice as evidenced by the changes in blood-biochemical, liver enzyme activities, gross and histopathology of liver. The results of the study suggest that the consumption of the extract of E. adenophorum as medicinal purposes without proper dosing may produce hepatotoxicity in humans.

This book offers an exhaustive and authentic account of integral relationship of microbiology, biotechnology with environmental science. Students from all these disciplines would find this book as an authentic source of information and would be immensely benefited. This book includes the matter required by both undergraduate and postgraduate students including researchers, who are genuinely interested in knowing the applied aspect of microbiology, biotechnology particularly with reference to Environmental issues. Since every chapter starts with a basic concept of problems and issues, it easily enables the readers to comprehend the subject in a lucid manner.