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How People Learn - Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition (Paperback, Expanded ed)
National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, Committee on Developments in the Science of Learning with additional material from the Committee on Learning Research and Educational Practice
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First released in the Spring of 1999, How People Learn has been
expanded to show how the theories and insights from the original
book can translate into actions and practice, now making a real
connection between classroom activities and learning behavior. This
edition includes far-reaching suggestions for research that could
increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning.
Like the original edition, this book offers exciting new research
about the mind and the brain that provides answers to a number of
compelling questions. When do infants begin to learn? How do
experts learn and how is this different from non-experts? What can
teachers and schools do-with curricula, classroom settings, and
teaching methods?to help children learn most effectively? New
evidence from many branches of science has significantly added to
our understanding of what it means to know, from the neural
processes that occur during learning to the influence of culture on
what people see and absorb. How People Learn examines these
findings and their implications for what we teach, how we teach it,
and how we assess what our children learn. The book uses exemplary
teaching to illustrate how approaches based on what we now know
result in in-depth learning. This new knowledge calls into question
concepts and practices firmly entrenched in our current education
system. Topics include: How learning actually changes the physical
structure of the brain. How existing knowledge affects what people
notice and how they learn. What the thought processes of experts
tell us about how to teach. The amazing learning potential of
infants. The relationship of classroom learning and everyday
settings of community and workplace. Learning needs and
opportunities for teachers. A realistic look at the role of
technology in education. Table of Contents Front Matter I
INTRODUCTION 1 Learning: From Speculation to Science II LEARNERS
AND LEARNING 2 How Experts Differ from Novices 3 Learning and
Transfer 4 How Children Learn 5 Mind and Brain III TEACHERS AND
TEACHING 6 The Design of Learning Environments 7 Effective
Teaching: Examples in History, Mathematics, and Science 8 Teacher
Learning 9 Technology to Support Learning IV FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR
THE SCIENCE OF LEARNING 10 Conclusions 11 Next Steps for Research
References Biographical Sketches of Committees' Members and Staff
Acknowledgments Index
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Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy (Paperback, New)
National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on the Use of Social Science Knowledge in Public Policy; Edited by Miron L Straf, Thomas A. Schwandt, …
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Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy encourages scientists to
think differently about the use of scientific evidence in policy
making. This report investigates why scientific evidence is
important to policy making and argues that an extensive body of
research on knowledge utilization has not led to any widely
accepted explanation of what it means to use science in public
policy. Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy identifies the
gaps in our understanding and develops a framework for a new field
of research to fill those gaps. For social scientists in a number
of specialized fields, whether established scholars or Ph.D.
students, Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy shows how to
bring their expertise to bear on the study of using science to
inform public policy. More generally, this report will be of
special interest to scientists who want to see their research used
in policy making, offering guidance on what is required beyond
producing quality research, beyond translating results into more
understandable terms, and beyond brokering the results through
intermediaries, such as think tanks, lobbyists, and advocacy
groups. For administrators and faculty in public policy programs
and schools, Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy identifies
critical elements of instruction that will better equip graduates
to promote the use of science in policy making. Table of Contents
Front Matter Summary 1 Introduction 2 Why This Report Now 3 The Use
of Research Knowledge: Current Scholarship 4 Research on the Use of
Science in Policy: A Framework 5 The Next Generation of Researchers
and Practitioners References Appendix A: Selected Major Social
Science Research Methods: Overview Appendix B: Biographical
Sketches of Committee Members and Staff
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Intelligence Analysis - Behavioral and Social Scientific Foundations (Paperback)
National Research Council, Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences, Committee on Behavioral and Social Science Research to Improve Intelligence Analysis for National Security, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Edited by Baruch Fischhoff, …
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The U.S. intelligence community (IC) is a complex human enterprise
whose success depends on how well the people in it perform their
work. Although often aided by sophisticated technologies, these
people ultimately rely on their own intellect to identify,
synthesize, and communicate the information on which the nation's
security depends. The IC's success depends on having trained,
motivated, and thoughtful people working within organizations able
to understand, value, and coordinate their capabilities.
Intelligence Analysis provides up-to-date scientific guidance for
the intelligence community (IC) so that it might improve individual
and group judgments, communication between analysts, and analytic
processes. The papers in this volume provide the detailed
evidentiary base for the National Research Council's report,
Intelligence Analysis for Tomorrow: Advances from the Behavioral
and Social Sciences. The opening chapter focuses on the structure,
missions, operations, and characteristics of the IC while the
following 12 papers provide in-depth reviews of key topics in three
areas: analytic methods, analysts, and organizations. Informed by
the IC's unique missions and constraints, each paper documents the
latest advancements of the relevant science and is a stand-alone
resource for the IC's leadership and workforce. The collection
allows readers to focus on one area of interest (analytic methods,
analysts, or organizations) or even one particular aspect of a
category. As a collection, the volume provides a broad perspective
of the issues involved in making difficult decisions, which is at
the heart of intelligence analysis.
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Community Programs to Promote Youth Development (Paperback)
Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Community-Level Programs for Youth; Edited by …
bundle available
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After-school programs, scout groups, community service activities,
religious youth groups, and other community-based activities have
long been thought to play a key role in the lives of adolescents.
But what do we know about the role of such programs for today's
adolescents? How can we ensure that programs are designed to
successfully meet young people's developmental needs and help them
become healthy, happy, and productive adults? Community Programs to
Promote Youth Development explores these questions, focusing on
essential elements of adolescent well-being and healthy
development. It offers recommendations for policy, practice, and
research to ensure that programs are well designed to meet young
people's developmental needs. The book also discusses the features
of programs that can contribute to a successful transition from
adolescence to adulthood. It examines what we know about the
current landscape of youth development programs for America's
youth, as well as how these programs are meeting their diverse
needs. Recognizing the importance of adolescence as a period of
transition to adulthood, Community Programs to Promote Youth
Development offers authoritative guidance to policy makers,
practitioners, researchers, and other key stakeholders on the role
of youth development programs to promote the healthy development
and well-being of the nation's youth. Table of Contents Front
Matter Executive Summary 1 Setting the Stage 2 Adolescent
Development 3 Personal and Social Assets that Promote Well-Being 4
Features of Positive Developmental Settings 5 The Landscape of
Community Programs for Youth 6 Lessons from Experimental
Evaluations 7 Generating New Information 8 Data and Technical
Assistance Resources 9 Funding and Support for Programs 10
Conclusions and Recommendations Appendix A Fundamental Principles
of Human Development Appendix B Theoretical Frameworks for
Conceptualizing Positive Developmental Processes Appendix C
Biographical Sketches Appendix D Related Reports from the National
Academies References Index
Automation in air traffic control may increase efficiency, but it
also raises questions about adequate human control over automated
systems. Following on the panel's first volume on air traffic
control automation, Flight to the Future (NRC, 1997), this book
focuses on the interaction of pilots and air traffic controllers,
with a growing network of automated functions in the airspace
system. The panel offers recommendations for development of
human-centered automation, addressing key areas such as providing
levels of automation that are appropriate to levels of risk,
examining procedures for recovery from emergencies, free flight
versus ground-based authority, and more. The book explores ways in
which technology can build on human strengths and compensate for
human vulnerabilities, minimizing both mistrust of automation and
complacency about its abilities. The panel presents an overview of
emerging technologies and trends toward automation within the
national airspace system?in areas such as global positioning and
other aspects of surveillance, flight information provided to
pilots an controllers, collision avoidance, strategic long-term
planning, and systems for training and maintenance. The book
examines how to achieve better integration of research and
development, including the importance of user involvement in air
traffic control. It also discusses how to harmonize the wide range
of functions in the national airspace system, with a detailed
review of the free flight initiative. Table of Contents Front
Matter Summary Part I: Automation Issues and Emerging Technologies
1 Automation Issues in Air Traffic Management 2 Emerging
Technological Resources Part II: Current and Envisioned Automation
of Air Traffic Control Tasks 3 Surveillance and Communication 4
Flight Information 5 Immediate Conflict Avoidance 6 Strategic
Long-Range Planning 7 Support Functions Part III: Integration 8
Integration of Research and Development 9 Airspace System
Integration: The Concept of Free Flight 10 Conclusions and
Recommendations References Appendixes Appendix A Appendix B
Appendix C Index Color Plates
Developing credible short-term and long-term projections of
Medicare health care costs is critical for public- and
private-sector policy planning, but faces challenges and
uncertainties. There is uncertainty not only in the underlying
economic and demographic assumptions used in projection models, but
also in what a policy modeler assumes about future changes in the
health status of the population and the factors affecting health
status , the extent and pace of scientific and technological
breakthroughs in medical care, the preferences of the population
for particular kinds of care, the likelihood that policy makers
will alter current law and regulations, and how each of these
factors relates to health care costs for the elderly population.
Given the substantial growth in the Medicare population and the
continued increases in Medicare, Medicaid, and private health
insurance spending, the availability of well-specified models and
analyses that can provide useful information on the likely cost
implications of health care policy alternatives is essential. It is
therefore timely to review the capabilities and limitations of
extant health care cost models and to identify areas for research
that offer the most promise to improve modeling, not only of
current U.S. health care programs, but also of policy alternatives
that may be considered in the coming years. The National Research
Council conducted a public workshop focusing on areas of research
needed to improve health care cost projections for the Medicare
population, and on the strengths and weaknesses of competing
frameworks for projecting health care expenditures for the elderly.
The workshop considered major classes of projection and simulation
models that are currently used and the underlying data sources and
research inputs for these models. It also explored areas in which
additional research and data are needed to inform model development
and health care policy analysis more broadly. The workshop,
summarized in this volume, drew people from a wide variety of
disciplines and perspectives, including federal agencies, academia,
and nongovernmental organizations. Table of Contents Front Matter 1
Introduction 2 Current Models of Health Care Cost Projections 3
Modeling Medical Technology 4 Factors Affecting Health Status 5
Participants' Views on Needed Research References Appendixes
Appendix A: Predicting Medicare Cost Growth--John N. Friedman
Appendix B: Workshop Agenda and Presenters Appendix C: Biographical
Sketches of Steering Committee Members Committee on National
Statistics
The national income and product accounts that underlie gross
domestic product (GDP), together with other key economic data?price
and employment statistics? are widely used as indicators of how
well the nation is doing. GDP, however, is focused on the
production of goods and services sold in markets and reveals
relatively little about important production in the home and other
areas outside of markets. A set of satellite accounts?in areas such
as health, education, volunteer and home production, and
environmental improvement or pollution?would contribute to a better
understanding of major issues related to economic growth and
societal well-being. Beyond the Market: Designing Nonmarket
Accounts for the United States hopes to encourage social scientists
to make further efforts and contributions in the analysis of
nonmarket activities and in corresponding data collection and
accounting systems. The book illustrates new data sources and new
ideas that have improved the prospects for progress. Table of
Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Accounting
and Data Foundations 3 Home Production 4 The Role of the Family in
the Production of Human Capital 5 Education 6 Health 7 The
Government and Private Nonprofit Sectors 8 The Environment
References Appendix: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and
Staff Index
The Strategic Education Research Partnership (SERF) is a bold,
ambitious plan that proposes a revolutionary program of education
research and development (R&D). Its purpose is to construct a
powerful knowledge base, derived from both research and practice,
that will support the efforts of teachers, school administrators,
colleges of education, and policy officials--with the ultimate goal
of significantly improving student learning. With a vision of
multiple networks through which focused, coordinated, and sustained
programs of R&D would be carried out--often in schools or
school districts that serve as field sites--the National Research
Council proposed an organizational design that would implement the
essential mission of SERP. The essence of that plan was captured in
"Strategic Education Research Partnership. Following up with
specifics on one of the networks proposed in that earlier book,
"Learning and Instruction details the kind of research and
development that would make a genuine difference to teaching and
learning in three subject areas--reading, mathematics, and science.
The proposals in this book have the potential to substantially
improve the knowledge base that supports teaching and learning by
pursuing answers to questions at the core of teaching practice. It
calls for the linking of research and development including
instructional programs, assessment tools, teacher education
programs and materials. Best of all, the book provides a solid
framework for a program of research and development that will be
genuinely useful to classroom teachers.
This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally
important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we
know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and
remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you
will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most
of these works have been housed in our most important libraries
around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in
the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly
other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and
distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a
copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a
historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred
pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we
concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved,
reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We
appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you
for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and
relevant.
Is it possible for people to register and retain what is said in
their presence while they sleep? If it is possible, is the learning
that takes place during sleep efficient enough to be of practical
as well as theoretical significance? These are the questions of
chief concern in this paper. To address these issues, the second
section of the paper summarizes research dealing with a number of
variables that may have an important influence on sleep learning.
In the third section, some tentative conclusions concerning the
possibility and practicality of learning during sleep are outlined.
At the request of the U.S. Department of Education, the National
Research Council's (NRC) Board on Testing and Assessment (BOTA)
convened a workshop on reporting test results for individuals who
receive accommodations during large-scale assessments. The workshop
brought together representatives from state assessment offices,
individuals familiar with testing students with disabilities and
English-language learners, and measurement experts to discuss the
policy, measurement, and score use considerations associated with
testing students with special needs.
Americans are increasingly concerned about the privacy of personal
data?yet we demand more and more information for public decision
making. This volume explores the seeming conflicts between privacy
and data access, an issue of concern to federal statistical
agencies collecting the data, research organizations using the
data, and individuals providing the data. A panel of experts offers
principles and specific recommendations for managing data and
improving the balance between needed government use of data and the
privacy of respondents. The volume examines factors such as the
growth of computer technology, that are making confidentiality an
increasingly critical problem. The volume explores how data
collectors communicate with data providers, with a focus on
informed consent to use data, and describes the legal and ethical
obligations data users have toward individual subjects as well as
toward the agencies providing the data. In the context of
historical practices in the United States, Canada, and Sweden,
statistical techniques for protecting individuals' identities are
evaluated in detail. Legislative and regulatory restraints on
access to data are examined, including a discussion about their
effects on research. This volume will be an important and
thought-provoking guide for policymakers and agencies working with
statistics as well as researchers and concerned individuals. Table
of Contents Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Principles and
Problems 2 The Framework of Study 3 Data Subjects 4 Data Users 5
Legislation 6 Technical and Administrative Procedures 7 Statistical
Data on Organizations 8 Managing Confidentiality and Data Access
Functions Recommendations References Appendix A: Study Procedures
Appendix B: Biographical Sketches Index
Following a 2011 report by the National Research Council (NRC) on
successful K-12 education in science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (STEM), Congress asked the National Science Foundation
to identify methods for tracking progress toward the report's
recommendations. In response, the NRC convened the Committee on an
Evaluation Framework for Successful K-12 STEM Education to take on
this assignment. The committee developed 14 indicators linked to
the 2011 report's recommendations. By providing a focused set of
key indicators related to students' access to quality learning,
educator's capacity, and policy and funding initiatives in STEM,
the committee addresses the need for research and data that can be
used to monitor progress in K-12 STEM education and make informed
decisions about improving it. The recommended indicators provide a
framework for Congress and relevant deferral agencies to create and
implement a national-level monitoring and reporting system that:
assesses progress toward key improvements recommended by a previous
National Research Council (2011) committee; measures student
knowledge, interest, and participation in the STEM disciplines and
STEM-related activities; tracks financial, human capital, and
material investments in K-12 STEM education at the federal, state,
and local levels; provides information about the capabilities of
the STEM education workforce, including teachers and principals;
and facilitates strategic planning for federal investments in STEM
education and workforce development when used with labor force
projections. All 14 indicators explained in this report are
intended to form the core of this system. Monitoring Progress
Toward Successful K-12 STEM Education: A Nation Advancing?
summarizes the 14 indicators and tracks progress towards the
initial report's recommendations. Table of Contents Front Matter
Executive Summary Introduction Foundation for This Study Study
Overview Indicators for Measuring Improvements to the U.S. K-12
STEM Education System Creating a Monitoring and Reporting System
for K-12 STEM Education Conclusion References Appendix: Summary of
Relevant Surveys Administered by the U.S. Department of Education
Acknowledgments
Many studies point to the inadequacy of precollege education in the
United States. How can it be improved? The development of effective
policy requires information on the condition of education and the
ability to measure change. This book lays out a framework for an
efficient monitoring system. Key variables include teacher quality
and quantity, course content, instructional time and enrollment,
and student achievement.
This is a CD with the proceedings and transcripts from a workshop
on Linking Mandatory Professional Development with High-Quality
Teaching and Learning. This workshop was presented by the National
Academies Teacher Advisory Council, Divisions of Behavioral and
Social Sciences and Education, and the National Research Council.
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