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Mendelian Randomization: Methods For Causal Inference Using Genetic
Variants provides thorough coverage of the methods and practical
elements of Mendelian randomization analysis. It brings together
diverse aspects of Mendelian randomization from the fields of
epidemiology, statistics, genetics, and bioinformatics. Through
multiple examples, the first part of the book introduces the reader
to the concept of Mendelian randomization, showing how to perform
simple Mendelian randomization investigations and interpret the
results. The second part of the book addresses specific
methodological issues relevant to the practice of Mendelian
randomization, including robust methods, weak instruments,
multivariable methods, and power calculations. The authors present
the theoretical aspects of these issues in an easy-to-understand
way by using non-technical language. The last part of the book
examines the potential for Mendelian randomization in the future,
exploring both methodological and applied developments. Features
Offers first-hand, in-depth guidance on Mendelian randomization
from leaders in the field Makes the diverse aspects of Mendelian
randomization understandable to newcomers Illustrates technical
details using data from applied analyses Discusses possible future
directions for research involving Mendelian randomization Software
code is provided in the relevant chapters and is also available at
the supplementary website This book gives epidemiologists,
statisticians, geneticists, and bioinformaticians the foundation to
understand how to use genetic variants as instrumental variables in
observational data. New in Second Edition: The second edition of
the book has been substantially re-written to reduce the amount of
technical content, and emphasize practical consequences of
theoretical issues. Extensive material on the use of two-sample
Mendelian randomization and publicly-available summarized data has
been added. The book now includes several real-world examples that
show how Mendelian randomization can be used to address questions
of disease aetiology, target validation, and drug development
Mendelian Randomization: Methods For Causal Inference Using Genetic
Variants provides thorough coverage of the methods and practical
elements of Mendelian randomization analysis. It brings together
diverse aspects of Mendelian randomization from the fields of
epidemiology, statistics, genetics, and bioinformatics. Through
multiple examples, the first part of the book introduces the reader
to the concept of Mendelian randomization, showing how to perform
simple Mendelian randomization investigations and interpret the
results. The second part of the book addresses specific
methodological issues relevant to the practice of Mendelian
randomization, including robust methods, weak instruments,
multivariable methods, and power calculations. The authors present
the theoretical aspects of these issues in an easy-to-understand
way by using non-technical language. The last part of the book
examines the potential for Mendelian randomization in the future,
exploring both methodological and applied developments. Features
Offers first-hand, in-depth guidance on Mendelian randomization
from leaders in the field Makes the diverse aspects of Mendelian
randomization understandable to newcomers Illustrates technical
details using data from applied analyses Discusses possible future
directions for research involving Mendelian randomization Software
code is provided in the relevant chapters and is also available at
the supplementary website This book gives epidemiologists,
statisticians, geneticists, and bioinformaticians the foundation to
understand how to use genetic variants as instrumental variables in
observational data. New in Second Edition: The second edition of
the book has been substantially re-written to reduce the amount of
technical content, and emphasize practical consequences of
theoretical issues. Extensive material on the use of two-sample
Mendelian randomization and publicly-available summarized data has
been added. The book now includes several real-world examples that
show how Mendelian randomization can be used to address questions
of disease aetiology, target validation, and drug development
Small businesses make up some 90-95 percent of all global firms.
Many undervalue the importance of information and communication
technology (ICT). Within the small business segment there can be
significant differences amongst the avid early adopters of ICT and
the laggards. Research on early adopters tends be more prevalent as
they are perceived to have a more interesting and positive story.
However, late adopters and 'laggards' also have their own
interesting stories that are under-reported. Small Business and
Effective ICT draws on research undertaken over several years and
documents the adoption/use of ICT across 'better' users of ICT
(Leaders), typical ICT users (Operationals) and late adopters
(Laggards). The findings are presented using a re-formulation of
the LIASE framework which addresses a number of areas that include
ICT literacy (L), information content/communication (I), Access
(A), Infrastructure (I), Support (S) and Evaluation (E). Some 60
businesses were investigated in Australia and the UK, with each
business presented as a concise vignette. The vignettes serve to
show that small businesses are not as conservative in their use of
ICT as the literature suggests, with examples of innovative uses of
ICT in small businesses provided. Lessons for the effective use of
ICT by small businesses are presented. The research design, methods
adopted, presentation of findings through the vignettes, and 'take
away' lessons have been written in manner to appeal to a broad
range of readers including academics, researchers, students and
policy makers in the discipline.
Small businesses make up some 90-95 percent of all global firms.
Many undervalue the importance of information and communication
technology (ICT). Within the small business segment there can be
significant differences amongst the avid early adopters of ICT and
the laggards. Research on early adopters tends be more prevalent as
they are perceived to have a more interesting and positive story.
However, late adopters and 'laggards' also have their own
interesting stories that are under-reported. Small Business and
Effective ICT draws on research undertaken over several years and
documents the adoption/use of ICT across 'better' users of ICT
(Leaders), typical ICT users (Operationals) and late adopters
(Laggards). The findings are presented using a re-formulation of
the LIASE framework which addresses a number of areas that include
ICT literacy (L), information content/communication (I), Access
(A), Infrastructure (I), Support (S) and Evaluation (E). Some 60
businesses were investigated in Australia and the UK, with each
business presented as a concise vignette. The vignettes serve to
show that small businesses are not as conservative in their use of
ICT as the literature suggests, with examples of innovative uses of
ICT in small businesses provided. Lessons for the effective use of
ICT by small businesses are presented. The research design, methods
adopted, presentation of findings through the vignettes, and 'take
away' lessons have been written in manner to appeal to a broad
range of readers including academics, researchers, students and
policy makers in the discipline.
Negotiating a peaceful end to civil wars, which often includes an
attempt to bring together former rival military or insurgent
factions into a new national army, has been a frequent goal of
conflict resolution practitioners since the Cold War. In practice,
however, very little is known about what works, and what doesn't
work, in bringing together former opponents to build a lasting
peace. Contributors to this volume assess why some civil wars
result in successful military integration while others dissolve
into further strife, factionalism, and even renewed civil war.
Eleven cases are studied in detail-Sudan, Zimbabwe, Lebanon,
Rwanda, the Philippines, South Africa, Mozambique,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of the Congo,
and Burundi-while other chapters compare military integration with
corporate mergers and discuss some of the hidden costs and risks of
merging military forces. New Armies from Old fills a serious gap in
our understanding of civil wars, their possible resolution, and how
to promote lasting peace, and will be of interest to scholars and
students of conflict resolution, international affairs, and peace
and security studies.
In many countries, small businesses comprise over 95% of the
proportion of private businesses and approximately half of the
private workforce, with information technology being used in more
than 90% of these businesses. As a result, governments worldwide
are placing increasing importance upon the success of small
business entrepreneurs and are providing increased resources to
support this emphasis. Managing Information Technology in Small
Business: Challenges and Solutions presents research in areas such
as IT performance, electronic commerce, internet adoption, and IT
planning methodologies and focuses on how these areas impact small
businesses.
Over the past several years, a great deal of research has been
devoted to the use of information technology by small businesses.
One technological tool now used to boost company success is Web
presence enhancement in alignment with business strategy.
""Effective Web Presence Solutions for Small Businesses: Strategies
for Successful Implementation"" is the first book to provide small
businesses with a holistic approach to implementing their Web
presence through identification of Web site content that matches
their business strategy. A valuable read for small business owners
as well as academicians and researchers, this book connects the
various issues involved in the planning and execution of successful
Web sites for small businesses.
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