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Why did the international drug regulatory regime of the twentieth
century fail to stop an explosive increase in trade and consumption
of illegal drugs? This book investigates the histories of smugglers
and criminal entrepreneurs in the Netherlands who succeeded in
turning the country into the so-called 'Colombia of Europe'.
Increasing state regulations and interventions led to the
proliferation of a 'hydra' of small, anarchic groups and networks
ideally suited to circumvent the enforcement of regulation.
Smugglers and suppliers of heroin, cocaine, cannabis, and other
drugs created a thriving underground industry of illegal synthetic
drug labs and indoor cannabis cultivation in the Netherlands
itself, made possible because of the embedded criminal anarchy in
Dutch society. Using examples from the rich history of drug
smuggling, Drug smuggler nation investigates the hidden grounds of
the illegal drug trade, and its effects on our drug policies. -- .
Why did the international drug regulatory regime of the twentieth
century fail to stop an explosive increase in trade and consumption
of illegal drugs? This study investigates the histories of
smugglers and criminal entrepreneurs in the Netherlands who
succeeded in turning the country into the so-called 'Colombia of
Europe' or, 'the international drug supermarket'. Increasing state
regulations and interventions led to the proliferation of a 'hydra'
of small, anarchic groups and networks ideally suited to circumvent
the enforcement of regulation. Networks of smugglers and suppliers
of heroin, cocaine, cannabis, XTC, and other drugs were organized
without a strict formal hierarchy and based on personal relations
and cultural affinities rather than on institutional arrangements.
These networks created a thriving underground industry of illegal
synthetic drug laboratories and indoor cannabis cultivation in the
Netherlands itself. Their operations were made possible and
developed because of the deep historical social and cultural
'embeddedness' of criminal anarchy in Dutch society. Using examples
from the rich history of drug smuggling, Drug smuggler nation
investigates the deeper and hidden grounds of the illegal drug
trade, and its effects on our drug policies. -- .
Leprosy and colonialism investigates the history of leprosy in
Suriname within the context of Dutch colonial power and racial
conflict, from the plantation economy and the age of slavery to the
modern colonial state. It explores the relationship between the
modern stigmatization and exclusion of people affected with
leprosy, and the political tensions and racial fears originating in
colonial slave society, exerting their influence until after the
decolonization up to the present day. In the book colonial sources
are read from shifting perspectives, of the colonial rulers and,
'from below', the ruled. Though leprosy is today a neglected
tropical disease, recognizing influences of our colonial heritage
in our global management of health and disease, and exploring the
perspectives of other cultures are essential in a time in which
migration movements make the permeability of boundaries, and
transmission of diseases, more common then perhaps ever before. --
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