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A hundred years ago, the United States first projected itself onto
the international stage, hoping to stake out a sphere of influence
in Latin America just as the largest of Latin American countries,
Brazil, ending a 67-year-long monarchical regime, struggled to
redefine its relationship to the world economy. Debates raged
between liberals and corporatists, between free traders and
protectionists. When the trajectories of these two unequal giants
collided, their interaction revealed much about the international
economic and political affairs of their day that bears upon the
debates surrounding today's "new world order."
"Late-19th-century US commercial policies were chiefly business-driven but met with little success in Brazil because US business leaders were largely ignorant of market conditions there. Brazil, for its part, was disappointed in its hopes for privileged access to the US sugar market. These commercial and diplomatic relations, even though imperfectly realized, did support development of republican institutions in Brazil"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 58.
Between 1870 and 1945, advances in communication and transportation simultaneously expanded and shrank the world. New technologies erased distance and accelerated the global exchange of people, products, and ideas on an unprecedented scale. A World Connecting focuses on an era when growing global interconnectedness inspired new ambitions but also stoked anxieties and rivalries that would erupt in two world wars-the most destructive conflicts in human history. In five interpretive essays, distinguished historians Emily S. Rosenberg, Charles S. Maier, Tony Ballantyne, Antoinette Burton, Dirk Hoerder, Steven C. Topik, and Allen Wells illuminate the tensions that emerged from intensifying interconnectedness and attempts to control and shape the effects of sweeping change. Each essay provides an overview of a particular theme: modern state-building; imperial encounters; migration; commodity chains; and transnational social and cultural networks. With the emergence of modern statehood and the fluctuating fate of empires came efforts to define and police territorial borders. As people, products, capital, technologies, and affiliations flowed across uneasily bounded spaces, the world both came together and fell apart in unexpected, often horrifying, and sometimes liberating ways. A World Connecting goes beyond nations, empires, and world wars to capture the era's defining feature: the profound and disruptive shift toward an ever more rapidly integrating world.
Between 1850 and 1930, Latin America's integration into the world economy through the export of raw materials transformed the region. This encounter was nearly as dramatic as the conquistadors' epic confrontation with Native American civilizations centuries before. An emphasis on foreign markets and capital replaced protectionism and self-sufficiency as the hemisphere's guiding principles. In many ways, the means employed during this period to tie Latin America more closely to western Europe and North America resemble strategies currently in vogue. Much can be learned from analyzing the first time that Latin Americans embraced export-led growth. This book focuses on the impact of three key export commodities: coffee, henequen, and petroleum. The authors concentrate on these rather than on national economies because they illustrate more concretely the interaction between the environment, natural and human resources, and the world economy. By analyzing how different products spun complex webs of relationships with their respective markets, the essays in this book illuminate the tensions and contradictions found in the often conflictive relationship between the local and the global, between agency and the not-so-invisible hand. Ultimately, the contributors argue that the results of the "second conquest" were not one-sided as Latin Americans and foreigners together forged a new economic order--one riddled with contradictions that Latin America is still attempting to resolve today.
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