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Gandhi was perhaps the most influential yet misunderstood figure of
the twentieth century. Drawing close attention to his last years,
this book explores the marked change in his understanding of the
acceptance of non-violence by Indians. It points to a startling
discovery Gandhi made in the years preceding India's Independence
and Partition: the struggle for freedom which he had all along
believed to be non-violent was in fact not so. He realised that
there was a causal relationship between the path of illusory
ahimsa, which had held sway during the freedom struggle, and the
violence that erupted thereafter during Partition. In the second
edition of this much-acclaimed volume, Chandra revisits Gandhi's
philosophy to explain how and why the phenomenon of the Mahatma has
been understood and misunderstood through the years. Calling for a
rethink of the very nature and foundation of modern India, this
book throws new light on Gandhian philosophy and its far-reaching
implications for the world today. It will interest not only
scholars and researchers of modern Indian history, politics and
philosophy, but also lay readers.
This book probes the complex interweaving, across time and
cultures, of violence and non-violence from the perspective of the
present. One of the first of its kind, it offers a comprehensive
examination of the interpenetration of violence and non-violence as
much in human nature as in human institutions with reference to
different continents, cultures and religions over centuries. It
points to the present paradox that even as violence of
unprecedented lethality threatens the very survival of humankind,
non-violence increasingly appears as an unlikely feasible
alternative. The essays presented here cover a wide
cultural-temporal spectrum - from Vedic sacrifice, early
Jewish-Christian polemics, the Crusades, and medieval Japan to
contemporary times. They explore aspects of the
violence-non-violence dialectic in a coherent frame of analysis
across themes such as war, jihad, death, salvation, religious and
philosophical traditions including Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism,
Hinduism, Islam, mysticism, monism, and Neoplatonism, texts such as
Ramayana, Mahabharata and Quran, as well as issues faced by Dalits
and ethical imperatives for clinical trials, among others. Offering
thematic width and analytical depth to the treatment of the
subject, the contributors bring their disciplinary expertise and
cultural insights, ranging from the historical to sociological,
theological, philosophical and metaphysical, as well as their
sensitive erudition to deepening an understanding of a grave issue.
The book will be useful to scholars and researchers of history,
peace and conflict studies, political science, political thought
and cultural studies, as well as those working on issues of
violence and non-violence.
This book probes the complex interweaving, across time and
cultures, of violence and non-violence from the perspective of the
present. One of the first of its kind, it offers a comprehensive
examination of the interpenetration of violence and non-violence as
much in human nature as in human institutions with reference to
different continents, cultures and religions over centuries. It
points to the present paradox that even as violence of
unprecedented lethality threatens the very survival of humankind,
non-violence increasingly appears as an unlikely feasible
alternative. The essays presented here cover a wide
cultural-temporal spectrum - from Vedic sacrifice, early
Jewish-Christian polemics, the Crusades, and medieval Japan to
contemporary times. They explore aspects of the
violence-non-violence dialectic in a coherent frame of analysis
across themes such as war, jihad, death, salvation, religious and
philosophical traditions including Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism,
Hinduism, Islam, mysticism, monism, and Neoplatonism, texts such as
Ramayana, Mahabharata and Quran, as well as issues faced by Dalits
and ethical imperatives for clinical trials, among others. Offering
thematic width and analytical depth to the treatment of the
subject, the contributors bring their disciplinary expertise and
cultural insights, ranging from the historical to sociological,
theological, philosophical and metaphysical, as well as their
sensitive erudition to deepening an understanding of a grave issue.
The book will be useful to scholars and researchers of history,
peace and conflict studies, political science, political thought
and cultural studies, as well as those working on issues of
violence and non-violence.
Marking a departure from studies on history and literature in
colonial India, The Oppressive Present explores the emergence of
social consciousness as a result of and in response to the colonial
mediation in the late nineteenth century. In focusing on
contemporary literature in Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi,
it charts an epochal change in the gradual loss of the old
pre-colonial self and the configuration of a new, colonized self.
It reveals that the 'oppressive present' of generations of
subjugated Indians remains so for their freed descendants: the
consciousness of those colonized generations continues to
characterize the 'modern educated Indian'. The book proposes
ambivalence rather than binary categories - such as communalism and
nationalism, communalism and secularism, modernity and tradition -
as key to understanding the making of this consciousness. This
cross-disciplinary volume will prove essential to scholars and
students of modern and contemporary Indian history and society,
comparative literature and post-colonial studies.
Marking a departure from studies on history and literature in
colonial India, The Oppressive Present explores the emergence of
social consciousness as a result of and in response to the colonial
mediation in the late nineteenth century. In focusing on
contemporary literature in Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, and Marathi,
it charts an epochal change in the gradual loss of the old
pre-colonial self and the configuration of a new, colonized self.
It reveals that the 'oppressive present' of generations of
subjugated Indians remains so for their freed descendants: the
consciousness of those colonized generations continues to
characterize the 'modern educated Indian'. The book proposes
ambivalence rather than binary categories - such as communalism and
nationalism, communalism and secularism, modernity and tradition -
as key to understanding the making of this consciousness. This
cross-disciplinary volume will prove essential to scholars and
students of modern and contemporary Indian history and society,
comparative literature and post-colonial studies.
Gandhi was perhaps the most influential yet misunderstood figure of
the twentieth century. Drawing close attention to his last years,
this book explores the marked change in his understanding of the
acceptance of non-violence by Indians. It points to a startling
discovery Gandhi made in the years preceding India's Independence
and Partition: the struggle for freedom which he had all along
believed to be non-violent was in fact not so. He realised that
there was a causal relationship between the path of illusory
ahimsa, which had held sway during the freedom struggle, and the
violence that erupted thereafter during Partition. In the second
edition of this much-acclaimed volume, Chandra revisits Gandhi's
philosophy to explain how and why the phenomenon of the Mahatma has
been understood and misunderstood through the years. Calling for a
rethink of the very nature and foundation of modern India, this
book throws new light on Gandhian philosophy and its far-reaching
implications for the world today. It will interest not only
scholars and researchers of modern Indian history, politics and
philosophy, but also lay readers.
This contributory volume is a comprehensive collection on the
mangrove forest eco-system and its ecology, the resources and
potentials of mangroves, conservation efforts, mangrove eco-system
services and threats to conservation. The book is an all-inclusive
compilation on the status, conservation and future of
mangroves. Mangroves are a unique ecosystem providing several
ecosystem services. They are formed in the inter-tidal areas of
large rivers and coastal islands. Mangroves thrives due to constant
interaction with the terrestrial and marine ecosystem. These are
the species dynamics, varying tidal amplitudes, plant succession,
changing floral pattern of the channels of the estuary, the varying
sediment transportation. There was 20% decline in mangrove forest
area in the last 25 years due mainly to conversion and coastal
development. Lengthy recovery periods required for the degraded
mangrove forests. Hence there is an urgent need to take
stock of the updated information on these mangroves at global
level. It is of immense value to scientific community involved in
teaching, research and extension activities related to mangrove
conservation.
This book collects comprehensive information on taxonomy,
morphology, distribution, wood anatomy, wood properties and uses.
It also discusses silvicultural aspects, agroforestry, pests and
diseases, biotechnology, molecular studies, biosynthesis of oil,
conservation, trade and commerce of Sandal wood. Sandalwood
(Santalum album L.) is considered as one of the world's most
valuable commercial timber and is known globally for its heartwood
and oil. The book brings together systematic representation of
information with illustrations, thus an all-inclusive reference and
field guide for foresters, botanists, researchers, farmers, traders
and environmentalists.
This book collects comprehensive information on taxonomy,
morphology, distribution, wood anatomy, wood properties and uses.
It also discusses silvicultural aspects, agroforestry, pests and
diseases, biotechnology, molecular studies, biosynthesis of oil,
conservation, trade and commerce of Sandal wood. Sandalwood
(Santalum album L.) is considered as one of the world's most
valuable commercial timber and is known globally for its heartwood
and oil. The book brings together systematic representation of
information with illustrations, thus an all-inclusive reference and
field guide for foresters, botanists, researchers, farmers, traders
and environmentalists.
This contributory volume is a comprehensive collection on the
mangrove forest eco-system and its ecology, the resources and
potentials of mangroves, conservation efforts, mangrove eco-system
services and threats to conservation. The book is an all-inclusive
compilation on the status, conservation and future of mangroves.
Mangroves are a unique ecosystem providing several ecosystem
services. They are formed in the inter-tidal areas of large rivers
and coastal islands. Mangroves thrives due to constant interaction
with the terrestrial and marine ecosystem. These are the species
dynamics, varying tidal amplitudes, plant succession, changing
floral pattern of the channels of the estuary, the varying sediment
transportation. There was 20% decline in mangrove forest area in
the last 25 years due mainly to conversion and coastal development.
Lengthy recovery periods required for the degraded mangrove
forests. Hence there is an urgent need to take stock of the updated
information on these mangroves at global level. It is of immense
value to scientific community involved in teaching, research and
extension activities related to mangrove conservation.
The central argument in this collection of essays by Sudhir
Chandra, written over a period of thirty-five years, is that
contemporary social consciousness is marked by an underlying
ambivalence that resists analysis in terms of neat binary
categories. Exploring the interplay of contradictory impulses and
the confluence of apparently irreconcilable forces in the making of
social and political phenomena, the essays deal with a wide range
of issues concerning our colonial past and the postcolonial
present. They reflect the author's inclination to view
social/political/historical movements and personalities in terms of
an ever-varying mix of what we are taught to look upon, normatively
or/and analytically, as opposites. Trained as a historian, the
author deals with the early stirrings of the nationalist
consciousness in nineteenth-century India to show that the same
person or group of persons or movement often revealed both
progressive and reactionary attitudes. This counters the received
wisdom which views these as sets of oppositions - reformist versus
revivalist, secular versus religious, nationalist versus
communalist. The ambivalence, further, reveals itself equally in
the texts of nineteenth-century writers and in cataclysmic events
like Hindu-Muslim riots in the Gujarat of today. Two essays devoted
to Govardhanram Tripathi, a rarely researched Gujarati litterateur,
bring out the unresolved contradictions that underlay his own
consciousness and that of his society. More than a century later,
the post-1992 riots in Surat and the Hindutva terror unleashed in
other parts of Gujarat in 2002 reveal the vulnerability of broader
social forces. Gandhi's realization of the failure of swadeshi in
the wake of the Noakhali riots, as indeed the dilemma posed by his
attitude to religious conversion, further prove the point. Rather
than being a unique rupture, he emerges as a fulfilment of
intimations that the nineteenth century abounded in. Even if it
could be seen as a universal human condition, the essays remind us,
ambivalence is always specific, unfolding the dynamics of social
forces. That is what human history is all about.
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