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This book reports a study conducted in Northern Areas of Pakistan.
The purpose of the study is to explore the Post-WSIP experiences of
a public and a private school headteacher. A qualitative case study
method was applied to investigate the subject matter. The
participants were selected on the basis of pre-determined criteria
that they have participated in WSIP intervention, worked for at
least one year after completion of programme and successfully
implemented their WSIP learning in their schools. The findings of
the study showed that WSIP intervention has been instrumental in
bringing about a significant effect on the professional approaches
of headteachers. It was depicted that they have reformed their
attitudes, realised the importance of community participation, team
building approach and outcomes of encouraging teachers. They are
sensitised towards students' learning and their developmental
needs. To meet students' needs, they have brought about visible
changes in their routine practices. Since the role of headteacher
is directly associated with all the stakeholders of a school
community, and success of any initiation depends upon active
involvement of headteacher, therefor
Water samples were collected from different localities of Mingora
Swat, Pakistan and were analyzed for both physical and chemical
parameters. The results show that the sample area is moderately
polluted and the source of pollution is the municipal sewage of the
local community located around the Mingora Khuwarr. The water of
Mingora Khuwarr then joins the main Swat River which is a main
source of drinking and irrigation for the lower Swat. However due
to dilution factor the concentration of pollutant further decreases
in the bulk water and thus its toxicity also decreases. However the
water of Mingora Khuwarr is further recommended for treatment
before its discharge into the main River.
The use of herbal medicines in the recent years has tremendously
increased due to their lesser side effects and acceptability to a
majority of population. These herbal medicines have been used for
thousand of years by Asian people for the remedy of many diseases.
Currently increased scientific interest and consumer demand for
alternative therapies have promoted the development of herbal
products is dietary supplements for health outcome. Plant based
medicaments have been man's prime therapeutic weapons to rescues
him from diseases. As nutrients (both macro and micro) play a vital
role to assess the medicinal value of a plant and therapy in health
and disease. Theses nutrients are essential in sufficient
quantities for nutritional, enzymatic reactions and metabolic
processes.
Swat District (Pakistan) is geographically lies from 340-34 to
350-55 North latitudes and 720-08 to 720-50 East longitudes with an
area of 5337 km2. The hydrology of the District is covered by river
Swat and its tributeries. River Swat rises from permanent sub
rivers and nalas of Ushu khowar, Gabral or utror khowar, Harnoi
khwar, Mankial khowar, Daral khowar, Madayan subrivers, Miandam
khowar, Shin khowar, matta subrivers and Manglawar khowar. River
Swat plays a key role in the irrigated system and drinking purposes
of the area. The main sources of irrigation are water canals
supplied from Swat River and its tributaries. These water canals
are community or jointly owned. The Govt. has belt two irrigation
water canals, Nekpikhel and Faithpur irrigation canals. These water
canals irrigate hectors of the rainfed areas located at the
foothills of the Hindu Raj Mountains.
To investigate the effect of non-ionic polymers polyvinyl
pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene oxide and polyvinyl alcohol on
critical micelle concentration of an anionic surfactant, sodium
dodecyl sulfate and a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium
bromide at different temperatures by conductivity and surface
tension techniques. The CMC of SDS decreased in presence of the
polymers. The degree of this decrease in CMC of SDS was greater for
PVP than for PEO and PVA. Increase in the micellar ionization
degree was observed for SDS-polymer mixtures. Gcomp values for
SDS-polymer mixtures were higher, more negative for SDS-polymer
mixtures than pure SDS. These results showed that as compared to
PEO and PVA, PVP interacts more strongly with SDS. The critical
aggregation concentration of SDS-PVP, SDS-PEO and SDS-PVA mixtures
slightly decreased with rise in temperature. and Gcomp of
SDS-polymer mixtures increased with increase in temperature
reflecting that complexation is favored at high temperatures. The
krafft temperature of CTAB did not show any dependence on the
concentration of the polymers.
Lycopersicon esculentum Mill belongs to family Solanaceae and is a
very prominent vegetable of Malakand Division, Pakistan and is also
a cash crop of the local community. The people of this region are
fully involved in its production and are distributed throughout the
country even outside the country also. The habitate of this plant
is very fertile and the farmers used manure and synthetic
fertilizers for the fulfillment of the nutrients requirements to
the plant body. The farmers also using the pesticides for the
killing of pest. Therefore the determination of pesticides fraction
is another interesting area for exploration its nutritional status.
For this purpose the samples of plant habitate and seeds were
collected from village Gharri Swat District and were investigated
for pH, micronutrients and macronutrients. Some of the parameters
were found in trace quantities. However it fulfills the nutritional
profile of the consumers. The role and chemistry of each nutrient
in the soil and in the human body has been discussed for the public
awareness. However the concentration of nutrients can vary from
place to place and even from region to region.
Low cost agricultural waste material and animal bones were utilized
for the preparation of activated carbon. Industrial spent carbon
was also regenerated. The carbon samples were activated chemically
and by thermal means (400-1000 C). The samples were characterized
by surface area (BET, DR, BJH, Langmuir) with pore volume, FTIR,
XRD, SEM and EDS. The rate of adsorption of dyes on the carbon
samples was high in the initial fifteen seconds and then declined
due to its diffusion in to the micropores. Negative values of
entropy of activation ( S#) of the dyes adsorption reflected the
affinity of the dye molecules towards the carbon surface which were
found to decrease with the increase in adsorption temperature. The
linear plots of Bangham and intraparticle diffusion models showed
that the adsorption of dye on the carbon surface is a diffusion
controlled process. The Freundlich, Langmuir and DR models were
used to estimate the adsorption parameters. The best fit of the
isotherms, found from the correlation coefficients (r2) were in the
sequence: DR
Metals have an impact on human health in many ways. Some elements
are essential micronutrients with a human requirement of no more
than a few milligrams per day. However, micronutrients may become
harmful when their ingestion rates are too high. Some elements are
likely to be essential micronutrients, although their positive role
in human nutrition. Trace elements are well known as toxic if their
intake through ingestion or inhalation is excessive.
Interest in traditional systems of medicine and, in particular,
herbal medicines, has increased substantially in both developed and
developing countries over the past two decades. Global and national
markets for medicinal herbs have been growing rapidly, and
significant economic gains are being realized. As a consequence,
the safety and quality of herbal medicines have become increasingly
important concerns for health authorities and the public alike.
Soil where the plant body of Abelomoschus esculenrus (L) Moench and
Allium cepa L.grow were collected from village Zarakhela Shamozai
Swat District and investigated for both micronutrients and
macronutrients. River Swat water samples were collected at
different localities which irrigate the soil of the study area and
were investigated for both micro and macronutrients for knowing the
relationship between water-soil-plant.
Soil comprising the pedosphere is positioned at the interface of
the lithosphere and biosphere with the atmosphere and hydrosphere.
Soil is considered a three phase system, consisting of solid,
liquid, and gas. The solid phase consists of mineral and organic
matter, including living organisms. The liquid phase is known as
the 'soil solution', and is the phase from which plants take up
nutrients. The gaseous phase is important for supplying oxygen to
the roots for respiration. Agrictural soil of the study area is
very fertile and is a main source of economy for local population.
This deals the investigation of heavy metal in the soil of study
area.The effect of local transportation on the productivity of
vegetables have also been discussed.
Wood of Prunus persica was utilized for the preparation of
activated carbon. The carbon was characterized by pH, moisture
content, ash content, bulk density, surface area (BET), FTIR and
EDS. The BET (m2/g) surface area analysis of the carbon samples
activated at 800 oC showed high surface area. FTIR analysis showed
that the carbon surface carried the oxygen containing functional
groups, which disappeared at high activation temperatures. The EDS
analysis showed high carbon contents in the sample activated at
high temperature as compared to Raw and 300 oC activated samples
while the contents of oxygen was found to decrease with the
increase in activation temperature. The equilibrium for the
aliphatic mono carboxylic acids adsorption on the carbon samples
was achieved after 3 hours. Freundlich and Langmuir models were
used to know the adsorption parameters. The best fit of the
isotherms, found from the correlation coefficients were in the
sequence: Langmuir
Colocacia esculenta Linn is a herbaceous perennial 0.5-2 m tall,
with an underground starchy corm which produces at its apex a whorl
of large leaves with long robust petioles. The leaves are
heart-shaped, 20 - 50 cm long, with rounded basal lobes; the leaf
stalk joins the blade some distance inward from the notch between
the lobes. The plant is abundantly available in the study area and
is a main source of income.
Rice is a cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the
diet of many people worldwide. Domesticated rice comprises two
species of food crops in the Oryza genus of the Poaceae ("true
grass") family, Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima (Crawford et al.,
1998). Rice is grown as a monocarpic annual plant, although in
tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a
ratoon crop and survive for up to 20 years (International Rice
Research Institute 2008). Smith et al (1998) reported that Rice
provides more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by
humans. In the selected local area rice is used as a full suplement
for diet source and the majority of population depends on rice as
food material. The climate is fully fertile for its production and
is also consider as a main souce of income.
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