This book reports a study conducted in Northern Areas of Pakistan. The purpose of the study is to explore the Post-WSIP experiences of a public and a private school headteacher. A qualitative case study method was applied to investigate the subject matter. The participants were selected on the basis of pre-determined criteria that they have participated in WSIP intervention, worked for at least one year after completion of programme and successfully implemented their WSIP learning in their schools. The findings of the study showed that WSIP intervention has been instrumental in bringing about a significant effect on the professional approaches of headteachers. It was depicted that they have reformed their attitudes, realised the importance of community participation, team building approach and outcomes of encouraging teachers. They are sensitised towards students' learning and their developmental needs. To meet students' needs, they have brought about visible changes in their routine practices. Since the role of headteacher is directly associated with all the stakeholders of a school community, and success of any initiation depends upon active involvement of headteacher, therefor

Water samples were collected from different localities of Mingora Swat, Pakistan and were analyzed for both physical and chemical parameters. The results show that the sample area is moderately polluted and the source of pollution is the municipal sewage of the local community located around the Mingora Khuwarr. The water of Mingora Khuwarr then joins the main Swat River which is a main source of drinking and irrigation for the lower Swat. However due to dilution factor the concentration of pollutant further decreases in the bulk water and thus its toxicity also decreases. However the water of Mingora Khuwarr is further recommended for treatment before its discharge into the main River.

The use of herbal medicines in the recent years has tremendously increased due to their lesser side effects and acceptability to a majority of population. These herbal medicines have been used for thousand of years by Asian people for the remedy of many diseases. Currently increased scientific interest and consumer demand for alternative therapies have promoted the development of herbal products is dietary supplements for health outcome. Plant based medicaments have been man's prime therapeutic weapons to rescues him from diseases. As nutrients (both macro and micro) play a vital role to assess the medicinal value of a plant and therapy in health and disease. Theses nutrients are essential in sufficient quantities for nutritional, enzymatic reactions and metabolic processes.

Swat District (Pakistan) is geographically lies from 340-34 to 350-55 North latitudes and 720-08 to 720-50 East longitudes with an area of 5337 km2. The hydrology of the District is covered by river Swat and its tributeries. River Swat rises from permanent sub rivers and nalas of Ushu khowar, Gabral or utror khowar, Harnoi khwar, Mankial khowar, Daral khowar, Madayan subrivers, Miandam khowar, Shin khowar, matta subrivers and Manglawar khowar. River Swat plays a key role in the irrigated system and drinking purposes of the area. The main sources of irrigation are water canals supplied from Swat River and its tributaries. These water canals are community or jointly owned. The Govt. has belt two irrigation water canals, Nekpikhel and Faithpur irrigation canals. These water canals irrigate hectors of the rainfed areas located at the foothills of the Hindu Raj Mountains.

To investigate the effect of non-ionic polymers polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene oxide and polyvinyl alcohol on critical micelle concentration of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate and a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide at different temperatures by conductivity and surface tension techniques. The CMC of SDS decreased in presence of the polymers. The degree of this decrease in CMC of SDS was greater for PVP than for PEO and PVA. Increase in the micellar ionization degree was observed for SDS-polymer mixtures. Gcomp values for SDS-polymer mixtures were higher, more negative for SDS-polymer mixtures than pure SDS. These results showed that as compared to PEO and PVA, PVP interacts more strongly with SDS. The critical aggregation concentration of SDS-PVP, SDS-PEO and SDS-PVA mixtures slightly decreased with rise in temperature. and Gcomp of SDS-polymer mixtures increased with increase in temperature reflecting that complexation is favored at high temperatures. The krafft temperature of CTAB did not show any dependence on the concentration of the polymers.

Lycopersicon esculentum Mill belongs to family Solanaceae and is a very prominent vegetable of Malakand Division, Pakistan and is also a cash crop of the local community. The people of this region are fully involved in its production and are distributed throughout the country even outside the country also. The habitate of this plant is very fertile and the farmers used manure and synthetic fertilizers for the fulfillment of the nutrients requirements to the plant body. The farmers also using the pesticides for the killing of pest. Therefore the determination of pesticides fraction is another interesting area for exploration its nutritional status. For this purpose the samples of plant habitate and seeds were collected from village Gharri Swat District and were investigated for pH, micronutrients and macronutrients. Some of the parameters were found in trace quantities. However it fulfills the nutritional profile of the consumers. The role and chemistry of each nutrient in the soil and in the human body has been discussed for the public awareness. However the concentration of nutrients can vary from place to place and even from region to region.

Low cost agricultural waste material and animal bones were utilized for the preparation of activated carbon. Industrial spent carbon was also regenerated. The carbon samples were activated chemically and by thermal means (400-1000 C). The samples were characterized by surface area (BET, DR, BJH, Langmuir) with pore volume, FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDS. The rate of adsorption of dyes on the carbon samples was high in the initial fifteen seconds and then declined due to its diffusion in to the micropores. Negative values of entropy of activation ( S#) of the dyes adsorption reflected the affinity of the dye molecules towards the carbon surface which were found to decrease with the increase in adsorption temperature. The linear plots of Bangham and intraparticle diffusion models showed that the adsorption of dye on the carbon surface is a diffusion controlled process. The Freundlich, Langmuir and DR models were used to estimate the adsorption parameters. The best fit of the isotherms, found from the correlation coefficients (r2) were in the sequence: DR

Metals have an impact on human health in many ways. Some elements are essential micronutrients with a human requirement of no more than a few milligrams per day. However, micronutrients may become harmful when their ingestion rates are too high. Some elements are likely to be essential micronutrients, although their positive role in human nutrition. Trace elements are well known as toxic if their intake through ingestion or inhalation is excessive.

Interest in traditional systems of medicine and, in particular, herbal medicines, has increased substantially in both developed and developing countries over the past two decades. Global and national markets for medicinal herbs have been growing rapidly, and significant economic gains are being realized. As a consequence, the safety and quality of herbal medicines have become increasingly important concerns for health authorities and the public alike. Soil where the plant body of Abelomoschus esculenrus (L) Moench and Allium cepa L.grow were collected from village Zarakhela Shamozai Swat District and investigated for both micronutrients and macronutrients. River Swat water samples were collected at different localities which irrigate the soil of the study area and were investigated for both micro and macronutrients for knowing the relationship between water-soil-plant.

Soil comprising the pedosphere is positioned at the interface of the lithosphere and biosphere with the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Soil is considered a three phase system, consisting of solid, liquid, and gas. The solid phase consists of mineral and organic matter, including living organisms. The liquid phase is known as the 'soil solution', and is the phase from which plants take up nutrients. The gaseous phase is important for supplying oxygen to the roots for respiration. Agrictural soil of the study area is very fertile and is a main source of economy for local population. This deals the investigation of heavy metal in the soil of study area.The effect of local transportation on the productivity of vegetables have also been discussed.

Wood of Prunus persica was utilized for the preparation of activated carbon. The carbon was characterized by pH, moisture content, ash content, bulk density, surface area (BET), FTIR and EDS. The BET (m2/g) surface area analysis of the carbon samples activated at 800 oC showed high surface area. FTIR analysis showed that the carbon surface carried the oxygen containing functional groups, which disappeared at high activation temperatures. The EDS analysis showed high carbon contents in the sample activated at high temperature as compared to Raw and 300 oC activated samples while the contents of oxygen was found to decrease with the increase in activation temperature. The equilibrium for the aliphatic mono carboxylic acids adsorption on the carbon samples was achieved after 3 hours. Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to know the adsorption parameters. The best fit of the isotherms, found from the correlation coefficients were in the sequence: Langmuir

Colocacia esculenta Linn is a herbaceous perennial 0.5-2 m tall, with an underground starchy corm which produces at its apex a whorl of large leaves with long robust petioles. The leaves are heart-shaped, 20 - 50 cm long, with rounded basal lobes; the leaf stalk joins the blade some distance inward from the notch between the lobes. The plant is abundantly available in the study area and is a main source of income.

Rice is a cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide. Domesticated rice comprises two species of food crops in the Oryza genus of the Poaceae ("true grass") family, Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima (Crawford et al., 1998). Rice is grown as a monocarpic annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop and survive for up to 20 years (International Rice Research Institute 2008). Smith et al (1998) reported that Rice provides more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. In the selected local area rice is used as a full suplement for diet source and the majority of population depends on rice as food material. The climate is fully fertile for its production and is also consider as a main souce of income.