Exactly 450 years after the solemn closure of the Council of Trent on 4 December 1563, scholars from diverse regional, disciplinary and confessional backgrounds convened in Leuven to reflect upon the impact of this Council, not only in Europe but also beyond. Their conclusions are to be found in these three impressive volumes. Bridging different generations of scholarship, the authors reassess in a first volume Tridentine views on the Bible, theology and liturgy, as well as their reception by Protestants, deconstructing many myths surviving in scholarship and society alike. They also deal with the mechanisms 'Rome' developed to hold a grip on the Council's implementation. The second volume analyzes the changes in local ecclesiastical life, initiated by bishops, orders and congregations, and the political strife and confessionalisation accompanying this reform process. The third and final volume examines the afterlife of Trent in arts and music, as well as in the global impact of Trent through missions.

Katalin Peter offers is a vigorous and stimulating reassessment of the history of the Protestant Reformation in Hungary. The Reformation has traditionally been explained in terms of theology, the corruption of the church, and the roles of princes. Katalin Peter shifts the context of study of the Reformation in Hungary to a bottom-up examination of the social dynamics of religious change, producing a lively narrative of the experiences and reactions of contemporary actors -- including rural town and village communities, local priests and landlords -- to evangelical ideas. Through a close reading of church visitation records, common men and women emerge on the pages of the book both as the agents of religious change and as the defenders of the old faith, while local priests, as Peter, had to adapt to lay demands. A comparative analysis of the position and actions of landlords as church patrons in all three parts of contemporary Hungary -- the kingdom under Habsburg rule, the Ottoman-vassal Principality of Transylvania, and Ottoman Hungary -- leads to the conclusion that patrons did not interfere in local religious change, since this change did not interfere with the distribution of power. In addition to this radically new narrative of the social dynamics of the early Reformation in Hungary, Peter engages in the long-standing debates concerning the roles of the Protestant Reformation in intellectual culture, and she illuminates the scopes and limits of the confessional cultures that emerged in its wake. The book brings together a coherent body of work that began to be published in the 1990s and until now has only been available in Hungarian.

Who was Jacob Latomus? What did he write in the series of lectures to which Luther penned an answer in 1521, an answer which is now so central to many interpretations of the great reformer? And how is the reading of that answer affected when it is preceded by an interpretation of what Latomus wrote? The study goes through the most important parts of Latomus' treatise against Luther (1521). The aim is to identify Latomus' theological convictions and thus to pin down who and what Luther was up against. The second and major part of the book is a reading of Luther's pamphlet against Latomus (1521). Parallels are drawn with Latomus' theology in order to facilitate as much as possible an appreciation of the differences between the two.The comparison between the two theologians shows that they speak completely different languages and that their viewpoints do not square at all. Basically their ways depart in their understanding of God's word and how it is communicated to man. This generates two ways of perceiving the matter of theology, and of speaking theologically -- and prevents mutual understanding. Latomus cannot understand Luther's view of the autonomy of God's word and the special character of proclamation, and hence a theology which is incompatible with natural reason. Even though he accepts a division between a natural and a supernatural rationality, and thus admits that natural reason has a limit, he grants the very same natural reason an important role in the ascent of cognition towards revelation. Everything else - such as Luther's theology - is a dehumanisation of the human being. Luther, on the other hand, regards Latomus' theology as a result of the impulse in sinful man towards ruling and controlling the word of God with his own inadequate natural abilities. In Luther's eyes that proclamation of Christ, which in the shape of a human being comes to man in contradiction of everything human, here disappears in the twinkling of an eye.

Vordenker der Moderne wie Thomas Hobbes, Baruch de Spinoza, James Harrington, Christian Thomasius und viele mehr griffen in ihren politischen Lehren oft auf das Modell des alten judischen Gemeinwesens zuruck. Entscheidend beeinflusste sie dabei ein Schrifttum (politia-judaica-Literatur), das in der zweiten Halfte des 16. Jahrhunderts entstand und Moses Gesetze als politisches Vorbild darstellte. Markus M. Totzeck legt die erste vollstandige Untersuchung zur Entstehung dieser Literatur vor. Die antiken ausserbiblischen Mose-Traditionen bilden den Hintergrund seiner Arbeit. Diese Traditionen waren in der Fruhen Neuzeit zum ersten Mal als Druckausgaben erschienen und hatten sich im Renaissance-Humanismus mit Konzeptionen einer uralten Theologie und Weisheit (prisca theologia bzw. prisca sapientia) des Mose verbunden. Totzeck stellt heraus, wie Debatten uber die politische Relevanz der mosaischen Gesetze spater in der Reformation zur Entstehung der politia-judaica-Literatur beitrugen. Die ersten Werke stammten aus der Feder humanistischer Gelehrter, die in erster Linie ausgebildete Juristen und Historiographen waren, zugleich aber auch einen mehrheitlich calvinistischen Hintergrund hatten. Die Nahe zwischen humanistischer Jurisprudenz und dem Calvinismus pragte die politia-judaica-Literatur in einer ersten Phase bis zu Petrus Cunaeus Werk De republica Hebraeorum libri III (1617). Die Verbreitung dieses Buchklassikers des 17. Jahrhunderts fuhrte den ursprunglichen Rechtsdiskurs in umfangreichere politische Diskussionen.

"Is this volume worth reading? Absolutely. Is it informative? Massively. Is it astonishing? Utterly. Should you learn to read German if you don't already read German simply for the sake of reading it? Certainly. It's just that good." -- Jim West, Zwinglius Redivivus English summary: Silvio Reichelt shows how the Lutherstadt Wittenberg - as a historical center of knowledge, political ideology, and sacral faith - could still shape our memory today. Remembering history is not only reconstructing the past, as the author shows, but can be characterized somehow as a process of overwriting. German description: Silvio Reichelts Arbeit untersucht den in Wittenberg gepflegten Umgang mit dem reformationsgeschichtlichen Erbe der Stadt unter den Bedingungen von funf verschiedenen politischen Systemen. Die analytische Tiefenbohrung im historisch langen Bogen von 1883 bis 2011 zeigt, wie der Erlebnisraum Lutherstadt Wittenberg als historischer Raum des Wissens, politischer Raum der Ideologie und sakraler Raum des Glaubens Erinnerung leiten, kanalisieren und kodieren konnte. Deutlich wird dabei, dass historische Erinnerung die Vergangenheit nicht einfach rekonstruiert, sondern sich vielmehr als permanenter Uberschreibungsprozess charakterisieren lasst. Bewohner und Besucher machen sich mittels Erinnerung ein Bild von der Vergangenheit, ein Prozess, der stets an den Raum gebunden ist. Deshalb ist die Geschichte der in Wittenberg betriebenen Reformationserinnerung nicht nur eine des Schutzes und der Erhaltung eines historischen Stadtraums, sondern sie ist auch eine Folge von raumlichen Operationen, die der Formierung eines gewunschten Vorstellungshorizonts dienten. Wittenberg war seit dem 19. Jahrhundert einem standigen Formenwandel unterworfen, der sich zwischen den Polen Authentizitatsanspruch, Geschichtswert und Vergegenwartigungszweck bewegt hat. Dieser Prozess war mit einer grundsatzlichen Bedeutungsverschiebung der Reformation verbunden: Wahrend ihre sinnstiftende Bedeutung als religioses Moment tendenziell schwand, nahm ihre erlebnisorientierte Wahrnehmung als beschauliches historisches Ambiente zu. Reichelts historischer Ruckblick liefert wichtige Erkenntnisse fur die gegenwartig praktizierte Reformationserinnerung. Dies gilt sowohl fur den Umgang mit den materiellen Zeugnissen der Vergangenheit als auch fur die Kommemoration im Fest und die Ausgestaltung des Luthertourismus.